Exam 5: Groups and Organizations

A social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions is called a

The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley.

As the number of members in a group goes up, the number of possible relationships that connect them goes up much more quickly.

The text speaks of "opposing trends" in today's world of formal organizations because

In today's information age, more competitive organizations have a more hierarchical, pyramid shape.

Reference groups can be primary groups, but they can never be secondary groups.

In the "iron law of oligarchy," Robert Michels stated that bureaucracy always means

An example of a secondary group is

Social networks are typically

What type of leaders downplay their own power, letting group members function more or less on their own?

What does the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram show us about the ability of social groups to affect the opinions and behavior of group members?

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

Irving Janis demonstrated how discussion always improves decision making in a social group.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research shows that clear rules, firmly and uniformly applied, increase a business's profitability.

Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

What is the meaning of "in-group" and "out-group"? How do they both affect the opinions and behavior of individuals? Give an example of each operating as a reference group.

Generally, people in secondary relationships think of others as being a means to some end.

The boundary that distinguishes members from nonmembers is clearer in secondary groups than in primary groups.

If you want your social group to be open to any and all people as new members, you would encourage a