Exam 6: Learning

 Primary reinforcers ____. 

 Dr.Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of placing the neutral stimulus either before or after the unconditioned stimulus.She is investigating the element of ____. 

 Define shaping and describe an example of how shaping might be used to create a specific behavior.

 Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza.Unbeknownst to him,he is coming down with a stomach virus.When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in,he vomits.Now,Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous.In this example,the conditioned stimulus is ____. 

 When stimulus generalization occurs,____. 

 Describe how Ivan Pavlov unwittingly discovered his model of classical conditioning.

 The orienting reflex in combination with habituation suggests that we ____. 

 Tad's ex-girlfriend used to wear Chanel perfume.Since their bitter break-up,Tad has found that he feels angry whenever he smells Chanel No.5.What is the best way for Tad to get to the point where smelling Chanel No.5 will no longer make him feel angry? 

 Teresa has a bad experience at the dentist's office when she had a painful root canal.As a result,Teresa has not been to the dentist in five years.Which type of learning best explains Teresa's failure to go to the dentist in the last five years? 

 Two very important factors that influence the strength of classical conditioning are ____. 

 A neutral stimulus is defined as one that ____. 

 When a parent is talking on a telephone and suddenly turns toward the baby crying in the other room,____ has occurred. 

 Primary reinforcers are more ____ than secondary reinforcers. 

 Sabrina went to open a can of tuna fish for lunch.As soon as she clicked the can-opener to the can,Tibbet,her tabby cat,appeared as though by magic.How can classical conditioning be used to explain this situation?

 Edward Tolman studied rats running through mazes and found that ____. 

 The genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily is called ____. 

 Positive reinforcement is to ____ as negative reinforcement is to ____. 

 When a parent gives into a child's tantrum in order to stop the child's tantrum behavior,this leads to a greater likelihood that when the child throws a tantrum in the future,the parent will give in again.  This change in the parent's behavior is an example of ____. 

 Which response can be classically conditioned in humans? 

 Ginger grew up in a home where both of her parents smoked.When Ginger turned 15,she too began smoking despite the fact that her parents frequently warned her not to adopt this bad habit.Ginger's decision to smoke is most likely the result of what type of learning?