Exam 6: Learning

 According to the ____,behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened. 

 Joseph tells his buddies at work a joke that makes fun of women.To his surprise,his friends ignore him for several days.As a result,Joseph decides never again to tell a joke like that at work.Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence? 

 Reznick is coaching baseball with some eight-year olds.He is working with the catchers on learning to get closer to the batter,but they are afraid of getting hit with the bat.Using social learning techniques,how can you help Reznick?

 A squirrel is scurrying around hunting for acorns.Every once in a while,it pauses to look around before resuming its quest.Describe the squirrel's behavior in terms of orientation and habituation.

 Social learning researchers Donna Mumme and Anne Fernald found that 12-month-old children ____. 

 When a classically conditioned response is no longer exhibited,____. 

 Frank buys his daughter a computerized toy that is teaching her to read.As she reads the text of a book,the computer asks her questions,which she answers by pointing to the answers with a specialized stylus.If she gets the answers correct,the computer applauds.If she gets the answer wrong,the computer beeps.This toy is analogous to ____. 

 Molly automatically feels happy every time she has pizza for dinner.Molly's mom always gets her pizza from The Pizza Shoppe.At first,pulling into The Pizza Shoppe parking lot does not affect the way Molly feels.But after a while,Molly starts to feel happy just when the car turns into The Pizza Shoppe lot because she knows it means they will have pizza for dinner.In this example,The Pizza Shoppe parking lot is the ____. 

 As a child,Hondo was stung by a copper-colored wasp.Now,whenever he sees a larger yellow-black wasp,he becomes very fearful.Based on classical conditioning,explain Hondo's reaction.

 At first,Sally thought it was funny when her five-year-old used bad language,and she would laugh despite herself.However,Sally soon realized that she was encouraging this behavior,and she stopped laughing when her child used inappropriate language.But to her dismay,as soon as Sally decided not to laugh anymore,the child began to use bad language more often before she finally stopped using it.What best explains why the child's inappropriate behavior increased temporarily? 

 Tina has inadvertently trained her dog Bobo,to lay his chin on her leg when she is studying by giving him a treat when he does.Unfortunately,she has been so busy that she has run out of treats.Bobo not only continues to walk over and lay his chin on her leg,but he begins pawing at her leg and arm.Bobo is showing ____. 

 In operant conditioning,when a behavior that has been reinforced in one context begins to be exhibited in other contexts and situations,____ has occurred. 

 Shaping differs from simple reinforcement in that ____. 

 If latent learning is occurring,it suggests most directly that ____. 

 After becoming bored with classically conditioning his roommate,Lloyd,to cringe at the sound of a squeaky drawer,Don decides to give Lloyd a break and he repeatedly squeaks the drawer without hitting Lloyd with a ping pong ball.What procedure is Don using? 

 Token economies are used as a means of ____. 

 Albert Bandura found through his research that ____. 

 Freddie used to feed her cat canned cat food.Now every time Freddie uses the can opener,her cat gets very excited and starts meowing.In this example,the UR is ____. 

 Ratio schedules deliver reinforcement according to ____. 

 Traditionally,in a Skinner box,____.