Question 1

LINE-1 sequences and Alu sequences can occasionally cause problems by jumping into an important gene.They can also lead to:

Accepted Answer

A) Chromosome breakage. 
B) Retroviral infections, by serving as "landing pads" for retroviral cDNAs. 
C) The transfer of genes from the nucleus to the mitochondria, thereby maintaining the mitochondrial genome on the evolutionary time scale. 
D) Faulty crossing over between misaligned chromosomes in meiosis, leading to deletions and duplications. 
E) Occasional expansions of the tandemly arranged sequences. 
A) Chromosome breakage. 
B) Retroviral infections, by serving as "landing pads" for retroviral cDNAs. 
C) The transfer of genes from the nucleus to the mitochondria, thereby maintaining the mitochondrial genome on the evolutionary time scale. 
D) Faulty crossing over between misaligned chromosomes in meiosis, leading to deletions and duplications. 
E) Occasional expansions of the tandemly arranged sequences. D

Question 2

One important feature of LINE-1 sequences is:

Accepted Answer

A) There are fewer than 100 known copies in the human genome. 
B) The full-length sequence encodes a protein with reverse transcriptase activity. 
C) The sequences are arranged in tandem, sometimes hundreds of units in length. 
D) They are also known as minisatellites. 
E) A full-length LINE-1 sequence is about 300 base pairs long. 
A) There are fewer than 100 known copies in the human genome. 
B) The full-length sequence encodes a protein with reverse transcriptase activity. 
C) The sequences are arranged in tandem, sometimes hundreds of units in length. 
D) They are also known as minisatellites. 
E) A full-length LINE-1 sequence is about 300 base pairs long. B

Question 3

There are about 28,000 copies of zinc finger domains in the human genome, most of them as constituents of transcribed genes.This is a result of what process?

Accepted Answer

A) Evolutionary conservation, exon duplication, and exon shuffling. 
B) Evolutionary conversion of leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix, and helix-loop-helix domains into zinc finger domains. 
C) Retrotransposition of mobile sequences. 
D) Evolutionary selection for proteins that interfere with nucleosome packing. 
E) Genes that "jump" with the help of a transposase. 
A) Evolutionary conservation, exon duplication, and exon shuffling. 
B) Evolutionary conversion of leucine zipper, helix-turn-helix, and helix-loop-helix domains into zinc finger domains. 
C) Retrotransposition of mobile sequences. 
D) Evolutionary selection for proteins that interfere with nucleosome packing. 
E) Genes that "jump" with the help of a transposase. A

Question 4

A genetic engineer announces the birth of a baby with an artificial chromosome that carries an extra copy of the gene for telomerase.The gene is engineered with an inducible promoter that causes transcription in response to the insect hormone ecdysone.Why should people with this artificial chromosome want to take ecdysone pills?

Accepted Answer

A) To reduce the cancer risk. 
B) To be resistant to viral infections. 
C) To delay aging. 
D) To get a high. 
E) To cure cancer. 
A) To reduce the cancer risk. 
B) To be resistant to viral infections. 
C) To delay aging. 
D) To get a high. 
E) To cure cancer.

Question 5

A patient is shown to have a deletion of 500 base pairs within the 3.7-kilobase pair sequence between the promoter of the L-type pyruvate kinase (PK) gene and an erythroid cell-specific enhancer element for the PK gene.What is the most likely outcome of the mutation in erythroid cells?

Accepted Answer

A) PK will be produced at a higher rate. 
B) Transcriptional initiation becomes impossible. 
C) There will be no change in the rate of enzyme synthesis. 
D) There will be faulty splicing of the transcript. 
E) The rate of transcription initiation by transcription factor IIH will be reduced. 
A) PK will be produced at a higher rate. 
B) Transcriptional initiation becomes impossible. 
C) There will be no change in the rate of enzyme synthesis. 
D) There will be faulty splicing of the transcript. 
E) The rate of transcription initiation by transcription factor IIH will be reduced.

Question 6

There are more than 25,000 copies of DNA sequences homologous to zinc finger protein genes in the human genome.Many of these are contained within actively transcribed genes.These transcribed zinc finger protein DNA sequences are included in which category of human genomic DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) Interspersed elements: 45% of the entire genome. 
B) Constitutive heterochromatin: 6% of the entire genome. 
C) Centromeric DNA: 1% of the entire genome. 
D) Non-conserved DNA: 44% of the entire genome. 
E) Highly conserved DNA: 5% of the entire genome. 
A) Interspersed elements: 45% of the entire genome. 
B) Constitutive heterochromatin: 6% of the entire genome. 
C) Centromeric DNA: 1% of the entire genome. 
D) Non-conserved DNA: 44% of the entire genome. 
E) Highly conserved DNA: 5% of the entire genome.

Question 7

Cycloheximide inhibits the peptidyl transferase reaction in eukaryotes.It does so by binding to:

Accepted Answer

A) The 50S ribosomal subunit. 
B) Elongation factor Tu. 
C) The 60S ribosomal subunit. 
D) The 30S ribosomal subunit. 
E) Elongation factor eEF-2. 
A) The 50S ribosomal subunit. 
B) Elongation factor Tu. 
C) The 60S ribosomal subunit. 
D) The 30S ribosomal subunit. 
E) Elongation factor eEF-2.

Question 8

A geneticist introduces into the human germline the genes for a super-spliceosome that is able to remove every intron without fail.In which way would people with this genetic innovation differ from the rest of the species?

Accepted Answer

A) They would have only one kind of histone. 
B) They would produce fewer unique proteins. 
C) They would transcribe fewer genes. 
D) They would produce mRNA transcripts without cap and poly-A tail. 
E) Their proteins would no longer be modified post-translationally. 
A) They would have only one kind of histone. 
B) They would produce fewer unique proteins. 
C) They would transcribe fewer genes. 
D) They would produce mRNA transcripts without cap and poly-A tail. 
E) Their proteins would no longer be modified post-translationally.

Question 9

The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail are added in the production of mature eukaryotic mRNA.The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail have which respective functions?

Accepted Answer

A) Transcript stability and transcriptional termination. 
B) Translation initiation and transcript stability. 
C) Transcriptional initiation and termination. 
D) Translation initiation and termination. 
E) The functions have not been determined. 
A) Transcript stability and transcriptional termination. 
B) Translation initiation and transcript stability. 
C) Transcriptional initiation and termination. 
D) Translation initiation and termination. 
E) The functions have not been determined.

Question 10

In a scientific article, you read that the transcriptional regulator satanin recruits a histone deacetylase to the promoter of the gene for transcendentin, the major structural protein of the human soul.The most likely effect of this will be:

Accepted Answer

A) Altered splicing of the transcendentin messenger RNA (mRN
A) , resulting in the production of a structurally altered protein. 
B) The destabilization of nucleosomes in the region of the transcendentin gene. 
C) Reduced transcription of the transcendentin gene. 
D) Recruitment of the TATA-binding protein to the promoter of the transcendentin gene. 
E) Stimulation of the protein kinase activity of transcription factor H. 
A) Altered splicing of the transcendentin messenger RNA (mRN
A) , resulting in the production of a structurally altered protein. 
B) The destabilization of nucleosomes in the region of the transcendentin gene. 
C) Reduced transcription of the transcendentin gene. 
D) Recruitment of the TATA-binding protein to the promoter of the transcendentin gene. 
E) Stimulation of the protein kinase activity of transcription factor H.

Question 11

Estimates of the gene number in the human genome are being revised continuously.Currently, it is believed that humans have approximately _____ times the number of genes in the bacterium E.coli.

Accepted Answer

A) 2. 
B) 7. 
C) 12. 
D) 25. 
E) 50. 
A) 2. 
B) 7. 
C) 12. 
D) 25. 
E) 50.

Question 12

The closest equivalent to the σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase in eukaryotes is:

Accepted Answer

A) Initiation factor eIF-2. 
B) A set of "general" transcription factors. 
C) RNA polymerase I. 
D) Histone H1. 
E) RNase H. 
A) Initiation factor eIF-2. 
B) A set of "general" transcription factors. 
C) RNA polymerase I. 
D) Histone H1. 
E) RNase H.

Question 13

The closest equivalent to bacterial DNA polymerase III in eukaryotes is:

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase α. 
B) DNA polymerase β. 
C) DNA polymerase γ. 
D) DNA polymerase δ. 
E) DNA polymerase ε. 
A) DNA polymerase α. 
B) DNA polymerase β. 
C) DNA polymerase γ. 
D) DNA polymerase δ. 
E) DNA polymerase ε.

Question 14

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes share which of the following characteristics during transcription?

Accepted Answer

A) A σ subunit that binds to the promoter. 
B) A template that is read in the 3'-to-5' direction. 
C) A primase to initiate RNA synthesis. 
D) Cotranscriptional attachment of a cap to the 5' end of the RNA. 
E) Proofreading through a 3'-exonuclease activity. 
A) A σ subunit that binds to the promoter. 
B) A template that is read in the 3'-to-5' direction. 
C) A primase to initiate RNA synthesis. 
D) Cotranscriptional attachment of a cap to the 5' end of the RNA. 
E) Proofreading through a 3'-exonuclease activity.

Exam 7: The Human Genome

LINE-1 sequences and Alu sequences can occasionally cause problems by jumping into an important gene.They can also lead to:

One important feature of LINE-1 sequences is:

There are about 28,000 copies of zinc finger domains in the human genome, most of them as constituents of transcribed genes.This is a result of what process?

A patient is shown to have a deletion of 500 base pairs within the 3.7-kilobase pair sequence between the promoter of the L-type pyruvate kinase (PK) gene and an erythroid cell-specific enhancer element for the PK gene.What is the most likely outcome of the mutation in erythroid cells?

There are more than 25,000 copies of DNA sequences homologous to zinc finger protein genes in the human genome.Many of these are contained within actively transcribed genes.These transcribed zinc finger protein DNA sequences are included in which category of human genomic DNA?

Cycloheximide inhibits the peptidyl transferase reaction in eukaryotes.It does so by binding to:

A geneticist introduces into the human germline the genes for a super-spliceosome that is able to remove every intron without fail.In which way would people with this genetic innovation differ from the rest of the species?

The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail are added in the production of mature eukaryotic mRNA.The 5' cap and the 3' poly-A tail have which respective functions?

In a scientific article, you read that the transcriptional regulator satanin recruits a histone deacetylase to the promoter of the gene for transcendentin, the major structural protein of the human soul.The most likely effect of this will be:

Estimates of the gene number in the human genome are being revised continuously.Currently, it is believed that humans have approximately _____ times the number of genes in the bacterium E.coli.

The closest equivalent to the σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase in eukaryotes is:

The closest equivalent to bacterial DNA polymerase III in eukaryotes is:

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes share which of the following characteristics during transcription?

Introduction to Biomolecules

Introduction to Protein Structure

Oxygen Transporters: Hemoglobin and Myoglobin

Enzymatic Reactions

Coenzymes

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Protein Targeting

Introduction to Genetic Diseases

Viruses

DNA Technology

Biological Membranes

The Cytoskeleton

The Extracellular Matrix

Plasma Proteins

Extracellular Messengers

Intracellular Messengers

Cellular Growth Control and Cancer

Digestive Enzymes

Introduction to Metabolic Pathways

Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Carbohydrate Metabolism

The Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Triglycerides

The Metabolism of Membrane Lipids

Lipid Transport

Amino Acid Metabolism

Heme Metabolism

The Metabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines

Vitamins and Minerals

Integration of Metabolism

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