Exam 18: Cellular Growth Control and Cancer

Cervical cancer is often described as a "sexually transmitted cancer" because infection with papillomavirus (wart virus) is a major risk factor.The strains of human papillomavirus that promote cervical cancer do so by:

The cell cycle is regulated by extracellular signals called mitogens.The cyclin that is most likely to be elevated directly in response to mitogen action is:

In most individuals with inherited colon cancer susceptibility who do not have excessive numbers of benign and premalignant polyps, the cancer susceptibility is caused by a heterozygous defect in a gene for:

A type of somatic mutation that inhibits apoptosis and thereby permits the survival of deviant cells is:

The function of caspases is:

Cytochrome c is normally attached to the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it participates in electron transport.However, when released into the cytoplasm, it can influence the fate of the cell by:

Akt (protein kinase B) is a protein kinase whose activation causes, among other effects:

In order to push the cell through the G₁ checkpoint, the cyclin-dependent kinases have to phosphorylate:

Constitutive activation of the Ras protein is observed in many cancers.Which type of abnormality in the Ras protein is most likely to cause cancer?

Breast cancer is diagnosed in a 62-year-old woman.She already survived a soft-tissue sarcoma that had been diagnosed and successfully treated when she was 40 years old and an adrenocortical cancer that had been diagnosed and successfully treated when she was 48 years old.She probably has an inherited cancer susceptibility that affects:

Progression through the early stages of mitosis requires the phosphorylation of many nuclear proteins, including chromosomal scaffold proteins and the lamins.The cyclin that is most directly involved in these phosphorylations is:

Loss of heterozygosity in genomic locations close to the site of the mutation is observed in the malignant tumors of many patients with inherited cancer susceptibility.The most likely cause for loss of heterozygosity in these patients is: