Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr) Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following?

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction?

The figure above is an example of a _________.

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). State two questions that you might ask if you were to interrogate the construct validity of Dr. Moynihan's study.

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. •Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01) •Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. •Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Considering Dr. Guidry's sample, which of the following statements is true?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Imagine that Dr. Moynihan is concerned about curvilinear relationships. Which of the three relationships is most likely to be affected by a curvilinear relationship? How should Dr. Moynihan check for this type of relationship? Why would this be effective?

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true?

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the problem.

Which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a .

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings. •A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig. •B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05) •C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003). Explain the three associations from Dr. Moynihan's study in terms of direction of each association (a), statistical significance (b), and effect size (c), using Cohen's benchmarks.

Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?