Question 1

Which of the following is true of moderators?

Accepted Answer

A) They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B) They decrease effect size. 
C) They can inform external validity. 
D) They weaken statistical significance. 
A) They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B) They decrease effect size. 
C) They can inform external validity. 
D) They weaken statistical significance.

Question 2

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Accepted Answer

A) The way the sample was selected from the population 
B) The size of the sample 
C) The number of subgroups 
D) The size of the original population 
A) The way the sample was selected from the population 
B) The size of the sample 
C) The number of subgroups 
D) The size of the original population

Question 3

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered?

Accepted Answer

A) Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B) Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C) Sample size and effect size 
D) The number of outliers and the direction of the association 
A) Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B) Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C) Sample size and effect size 
D) The number of outliers and the direction of the association

Question 4

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Imagine that Dr. Moynihan finds two outliers. These two people report a very high number of nightmares in the past month and have very high scores on neuroticism. Why should Dr. Moynihan be worried about the presence of these two outliers?

Accepted Answer

Dr.Moynihan should be worried about the

Question 5

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
In evaluating Dr. Guidry's study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking?

Accepted Answer

A) How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants? 
B) Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? 
C) How reliable is the measure of daily stress? 
D) Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress? 
A) How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants? 
B) Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? 
C) How reliable is the measure of daily stress? 
D) Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress?

Question 6

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Guidry have looked for this difference?

Accepted Answer

A) To examine her study's external validity 
B) To examine her study's internal validity 
C) To determine whether the association was curvilinear 
D) To determine whether the association was spurious 
A) To examine her study's external validity 
B) To examine her study's internal validity 
C) To determine whether the association was curvilinear 
D) To determine whether the association was spurious

Question 7

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B) The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C) The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D) The findings should be replicated in another population. 
A) The association should be rejected as inconclusive. 
B) The study must be done again using the same participants. 
C) The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. 
D) The findings should be replicated in another population.

Question 8

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Statistical significance and effect size 
B) Strength and direction of the relationship 
C) Statistical validity and external validity 
D) Type of relationship and importance 
A) Statistical significance and effect size 
B) Strength and direction of the relationship 
C) Statistical validity and external validity 
D) Type of relationship and importance

Question 9

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B) Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C) Sample size and effect size 
D) Number of outliers and direction of the association 
A) Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B) Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C) Sample size and effect size 
D) Number of outliers and direction of the association

Question 10

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) outlier. 
B) cause. 
C) moderator. 
D) spurious variable. 
A) outlier. 
B) cause. 
C) moderator. 
D) spurious variable.

Question 11

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:

Accepted Answer

A) is negative. 
B) has the largest effect size. 
C) was reported first. 
D) was statistically significant. 
A) is negative. 
B) has the largest effect size. 
C) was reported first. 
D) was statistically significant.

Question 12

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016. 
B)  There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism. 
C)  Voting in 2016 caused increases in one's level of optimism. 
D)  Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018. 
A)  The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016. 
B)  There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism. 
C)  Voting in 2016 caused increases in one's level of optimism. 
D)  Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018.

Question 13

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which associations are statistically significant? What does it mean that an association is statistically significant?

Accepted Answer

There are two statistically significant

Question 14

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations:
 a. A curvilinear association
 b. A positive association with a large effect size
 c. A zero association

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 15

The figure above is an example of ……………..

Accepted Answer

A)  bar graph 
B)  line graph 
C)  data plot 
D)  scatterplot 
A)  bar graph 
B)  line graph 
C)  data plot 
D)  scatterplot

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim?

Accepted Answer

A) There will be a greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship. 
B) There will be greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another. 
C) There will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world. 
D) There will be greater construct validity. 
A) There will be a greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship. 
B) There will be greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another. 
C) There will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world. 
D) There will be greater construct validity.

Question 17

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Accepted Answer

A scatterplot should be used when the as

Question 18

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Accepted Answer

A) the study can be applied to the real world. 
B) Martin used a larger number of subjects. 
C) Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately. 
D) Martin's measure of prescription stimulant use is categorical. 
A) the study can be applied to the real world. 
B) Martin used a larger number of subjects. 
C) Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately. 
D) Martin's measure of prescription stimulant use is categorical.

Question 19

Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
•Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r =.57 (p = .01)
•Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
•Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
Dr) Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider?

Accepted Answer

A) The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B) The number of people in the sample 
C) The use of three measured variables 
D) The number of significant findings 
A) The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B) The number of people in the sample 
C) The use of three measured variables 
D) The number of significant findings

Question 20

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Accepted Answer

A) spurious data 
B) an outlier effect 
C) restriction of range 
D) null effect 
A) spurious data 
B) an outlier effect 
C) restriction of range 
D) null effect

Which of the following is true of moderators?

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations: a. A curvilinear association b. A positive association with a large effect size c. A zero association

The figure above is an example of ……………..

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim?

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

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Exam 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

Which of the following is true of moderators?

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations: a. A curvilinear association b. A positive association with a large effect size c. A zero association

The figure above is an example of ……………..

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim?

Name two ways in which the analysis of an association between two quantitative variables differs from the analysis of an association between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as .

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Why Research Is Best and How to Find It

Three Claims, Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do

Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replication, Generalization, and the Real World

Filters