Exam 5: Learning

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?  

__________is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior. 

Fixed- and variable-ratio schedules both maintain a low response rate. 

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?  

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?  

Which of the following statements is true about primary reinforcers?  

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________. 

Teachers can learn to use__________to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it. 

Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning. 

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:  

Identify a true statement about the types of reinforcers. 

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _____. 

Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned. 

Responses that have been maintained by partial reinforcement are less resistant to extinction than responses that have been maintained by continuous reinforcement. 

Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n)__________. 

In the context of classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is on the information learned by the organism. 

Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforcers are more known by how they feel. 

__________is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps that can be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain. 

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _____. 

Justin is teaching his dog, Tiara, to jump on command. He gives her a treat when she jumps on command only when the treats are with him. When the treats are not in his reach, he does not give her a treat. In this context, Justin is using _____.