Exam 12: Justice and Punishment in the Twenty-First Century

Community _________ occurs where the justice system enhances community life and where communities partner effectively with the criminal justice system to share responsibility for social control.

To achieve community justice,where the justice system enhances community life,it will be necessary for communities to partner more effectively with the criminal justice system to share responsibility for social control.

A potential problem of punishment and control by distance will be __________ by subjecting offenders,who heretofore would be dealt with less severely through traditional probation or other sanctions,to these more stringent forms of surveillance.

According to your textbook author,half of offenders in prisons were/are identified as __________.

The __________ involves unwritten rules that specify the behaviors and values prisoners are expected to demonstrate in order to protect themselves and stay out of serious trouble,while earning a degree of respect from others.

An approach to illegal behavior that makes offenders aware of the damage,loss,or injury they cause and their responsibility for it is referred to as __________.

Male inmates adapt to inmate life using different types of coping mechanisms or role orientations.__________ refers to inmates having trouble fitting into any of the previous three orientations,because of lack of intelligence,disabilities,or problems with living successfully inside prison.

Women offenders have different problems in different proportions than men,manifesting gender issues in prison life.

Genetic risk assessment builds upon the discoveries in the area of DNA and genetic mapping.Genetic predispositions toward certain kinds of behaviors could be profiled and behavioral or pharmacological strategies employed to suppress undesirable behaviors such as violence or sexual deviance.

How did sociologist Gresham Sykes describe the nature and status of prisons in Society of Captives?

Unwritten rules that specify the behaviors and values prisoners are expected to demonstrate in order to protect themselves and stay out of serious trouble,while earning a degree of respect from others is known as the __________.

Male inmates adapt to inmate life using different types of coping mechanisms or role orientations.__________ refers to inmates trying to improve themselves and their life prospects in prison by taking advantages of educational or rehabilitation opportunities.

The "war on drugs" is consistently discussed as a major issue in our criminal justice system.How do you think we can balance the goals of preventing use of an undesirable substance with obedience to law?

Closely monitoring offenders electronically without locking them up,pharmacological treatments,and genetic risk assessments are examples of what has been called virtual prison-the use of technology to monitor offenders and prevent future crimes.

Electronic monitoring,probation kiosks,and camera and satellite surveillance will allow for punishment and control by distance by depriving the offenders of some portion of their liberty and control over their movements with limited physical contact.Such remote control will have the advantages of lower cost than imprisonment and closer surveillance than traditional probation or parole can provide.

Corrections officers and prison officials use a combination of rewards (better job assignment,better cell location,positive reports to the parole board)and punishments (solitary confinement,failure to take official action in violent incidents,negative reports to the parole board)to control inmates and maintain custody.

__________ parallel universe is an effort to prepare inmates for release by engaging them in full-time activities that parallel the outside world.Inmates must make decisions about their life in prison,and they are held accountable for them in an effort to cultivate conforming life skills for offenders.

Mental health courts are specialized courts that focus on treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders who land in the criminal justice system.

An unwritten inmate code exists inside prison,which specifies the behaviors and values prisoners are expected to demonstrate in order to protect themselves and stay out of serious trouble,while earning a degree of respect from others.

Prisons are a "society within a society," which operates under an informally negotiated set of informal rules enforced by both corrections officers and the inmates themselves.