Question 1

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that an associatio

Question 2

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. According to the benchmarks established by Cohen,what type of effect size has Dr.Oswald found for the association between number of friends people have and life satisfaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Very small 
B)  Small 
C)  Medium 
D)  Large 
E)  Very large 
A)  Very small 
B)  Small 
C)  Medium 
D)  Large 
E)  Very large

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction.In doing so,she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot.Specifically,it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction.Dr.Oswald should probably consider these scores _________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Random 
B)  Moderators 
C)  Outliers 
D)  Curvilinear scores 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Random 
B)  Moderators 
C)  Outliers 
D)  Curvilinear scores 
E)  None of the above

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Explain the three associations from Dr.Moynihan's study in terms of direction of each association,statistical significance,and effect size (using Cohen's benchmarks).

Accepted Answer

Students should explain all three findin

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr.Moynihan.

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 6

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. In determining whether the relationship between two of her variables was statistically significant,which of the following must be considered?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B)  Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C)  Sample size and effect size 
D)  The number of outliers and the direction of the association 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B)  Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C)  Sample size and effect size 
D)  The number of outliers and the direction of the association 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

Martin has found a correlation of r ? .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Accepted Answer

A)  The study can be applied to the real world 
B)  Martin used a larger number of subjects 
C)  Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately 
D)  Martin's measure of caffeine consumption is categorical 
E)  Martin's study is based on a random sample 
A)  The study can be applied to the real world 
B)  Martin used a larger number of subjects 
C)  Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately 
D)  Martin's measure of caffeine consumption is categorical 
E)  Martin's study is based on a random sample

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Of the three findings in Dr.Moynihan's study,which associations are statistically significant? What does it mean that an association is statistically significant?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that there are two

Question 9

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations:a.A curvilinear associationb.A positive association with a large effect sizec.A zero association

Accepted Answer

Students should draw three scatterplots.

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Considering Dr.Oswald's sample,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to teenagers. 
B)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people in other large cities in Tennessee. 
C)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people in New York City. 
D)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes. 
E)  All of the above are true. 
A)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to teenagers. 
B)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people in other large cities in Tennessee. 
C)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to people in New York City. 
D)  The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes. 
E)  All of the above are true.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Oswald has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship.Which relationship will be most important for her to examine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B)  Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C)  Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress 
B)  Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress 
C)  Number of friends one has and life satisfaction 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c

Question 12

Which of the following is true of moderators?

Accepted Answer

A)  They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B)  They decrease effect size. 
C)  They can inform external validity. 
D)  They weaken statistical significance. 
E)  None of the above are true. 
A)  They help establish a cause and effect relationship. 
B)  They decrease effect size. 
C)  They can inform external validity. 
D)  They weaken statistical significance. 
E)  None of the above are true.

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Dr.Moynihan finds two outliers.These two people report a very high number of nightmares in the past month and have very high scores on neuroticism.Why should Dr.Moynihan be worried about the presence of these two outliers?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that Dr.Moynihan s

Question 14

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a process of inference. 
B)  It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C)  It is synonymous with measuring effect size. 
D)  Both a and b are true. 
E)  All of the above are true. 
A)  It is a process of inference. 
B)  It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. 
C)  It is synonymous with measuring effect size. 
D)  Both a and b are true. 
E)  All of the above are true.

Question 15

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim,which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  The way the sample was selected from the population 
B)  The size of the sample 
C)  The number of subgroups 
D)  The presence of outliers 
E)  The size of the original population 
A)  The way the sample was selected from the population 
B)  The size of the sample 
C)  The number of subgroups 
D)  The presence of outliers 
E)  The size of the original population

Question 16

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Comparing all three correlations,Dr.Oswald will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because:

Accepted Answer

A)  The relationship is negative 
B)  The relationship has the largest effect size 
C)  The relationship was reported first 
D)  The relationship was statistically significant 
E)  None of the above-this relationship will not lead to the most accurate predictions. 
A)  The relationship is negative 
B)  The relationship has the largest effect size 
C)  The relationship was reported first 
D)  The relationship was statistically significant 
E)  None of the above-this relationship will not lead to the most accurate predictions.

Question 17

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal.If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study,which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr.Oswald's study to consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B)  The 1,500 people in the sample 
C)  The use of three measured variables 
D)  The number of significant findings 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants 
B)  The 1,500 people in the sample 
C)  The use of three measured variables 
D)  The number of significant findings 
E)  All of the above

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following conclusions can Dr.Oswald draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction,based on her statistical analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. 
B)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. 
C)  The relationship is not statistically significant. 
D)  The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes increases in life satisfaction. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. 
B)  The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. 
C)  The relationship is not statistically significant. 
D)  The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes increases in life satisfaction. 
E)  None of the above

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
How strong is the external validity of Dr.Moynihan's study? How does the fact that he finds no differences in the associations in men and women also speak to the study's external validity?

Accepted Answer

Students should question the external va

Question 20

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  A scatterplot 
B)  A line graph 
C)  A bar graph 
D)  A pie chart 
E)  All of the above 
A)  A scatterplot 
B)  A line graph 
C)  A bar graph 
D)  A pie chart 
E)  All of the above

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Martin has found a correlation of r ? .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations:a.A curvilinear associationb.A positive association with a large effect sizec.A zero association

Which of the following is true of moderators?

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim,which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World

Filters

Exam 7: Bivariate Correlational Research

What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?

Martin has found a correlation of r ? .18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity.This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Draw a scatterplot for the following three associations:a.A curvilinear associationb.A positive association with a large effect sizec.A zero association

Which of the following is true of moderators?

Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing?

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim,which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World

Filters