Question 1

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following statistical tests is likely to be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  A t test 
B)  A phi coefficient 
C)  Point-biserial correlation 
D)  Either a or c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  A t test 
B)  A phi coefficient 
C)  Point-biserial correlation 
D)  Either a or c 
E)  All of the above D

Question 2

When examining an association claim using a bar graph,an association is indicated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A difference in the height between the bars 
B)  The number of bars in the graph 
C)  The number of observations that make each bar 
D)  The direction of the bars 
E)  None of the above 
A)  A difference in the height between the bars 
B)  The number of bars in the graph 
C)  The number of observations that make each bar 
D)  The direction of the bars 
E)  None of the above A

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr.Moynihan's study makes his findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that outliers are extreme scores.Dr.Moynihan should be especially worried about outliers because he is working with a fairly small sample size.Small sample sizes are a problem because the outliers can have more of an effect on the association.

Question 4

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the sample is very large 
B)  When the study has life-or-death implications 
C)  When the finding is also statistically significant 
D)  When external validity is high 
E)  None of the above 
A)  When the sample is very large 
B)  When the study has life-or-death implications 
C)  When the finding is also statistically significant 
D)  When external validity is high 
E)  None of the above

Question 5

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Accepted Answer

Students should state the following five

Question 6

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Matt,Dr.Oswald's research assistant,is discussing the findings of the study with some other students.He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction.Which of the following keeps Matt from being correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study did not establish the covariance of cause and effect 
B)  The study did not establish temporal precedence 
C)  The study did not establish internal validity 
D)  Both b and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The study did not establish the covariance of cause and effect 
B)  The study did not establish temporal precedence 
C)  The study did not establish internal validity 
D)  Both b and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Dr.Moynihan is concerned about curvilinear relationships.Which of the three relationships is most likely to be affected by a curvilinear relationship? How should Dr.Moynihan check for this type of relationship? Why would this be effective?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that relationship

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. The "not sig." in Dr.Oswald's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population 
B)  Effect size could not be calculated 
C)  There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables 
D)  She cannot reliably predict the experience of daily stress from the number of friends one has 
E)  All of the above are true 
A)  It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population 
B)  Effect size could not be calculated 
C)  There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables 
D)  She cannot reliably predict the experience of daily stress from the number of friends one has 
E)  All of the above are true

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Oswald finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women.In this study,sex (male or female)is considered a/an:

Accepted Answer

A)  Outlier 
B)  Cause 
C)  Moderator 
D)  Effect 
E)  Spurious variable 
A)  Outlier 
B)  Cause 
C)  Moderator 
D)  Effect 
E)  Spurious variable

Question 10

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B)  Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C)  Sample size and effect size 
D)  Number of outliers and direction of the association 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Sample size and number of variables analyzed 
B)  Direction of the association and strength of the association 
C)  Sample size and effect size 
D)  Number of outliers and direction of the association 
E)  None of the above

Question 11

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .22.According to Cohen's benchmarks,the magnitude of this effect is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative 
B)  Large 
C)  Multiply determined 
D)  Categorical 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Negative 
B)  Large 
C)  Multiply determined 
D)  Categorical 
E)  None of the above

Question 12

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that although larg

Question 13

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Accepted Answer

A)  The graph used to interpret the results 
B)  The fact that the two variables are measured 
C)  The statistic used to interpret the results 
D)  The validities that can be established 
E)  None of the above 
A)  The graph used to interpret the results 
B)  The fact that the two variables are measured 
C)  The statistic used to interpret the results 
D)  The validities that can be established 
E)  None of the above

Question 14

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores 
B)  Because curvilinear relationships have small effect sizes 
C)  Because r looks for the best straight line to fit the data 
D)  Because r assumes a zero association 
E)  Because r assumes a negative relationship 
A)  Because curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores 
B)  Because curvilinear relationships have small effect sizes 
C)  Because r looks for the best straight line to fit the data 
D)  Because r assumes a zero association 
E)  Because r assumes a negative relationship

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  What is the effect size? 
B)  Is the correlation statistically significant? 
C)  Are there subgroups? 
D)  Is random assignment affecting the findings? 
E)  Could outliers be affecting the relationship? 
A)  What is the effect size? 
B)  Is the correlation statistically significant? 
C)  Are there subgroups? 
D)  Is random assignment affecting the findings? 
E)  Could outliers be affecting the relationship?

Question 16

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes 
B)  They can affect the direction of an association 
C)  They can affect the strength of an association 
D)  They can weaken a relationship 
E)  They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables 
A)  They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes 
B)  They can affect the direction of an association 
C)  They can affect the strength of an association 
D)  They can weaken a relationship 
E)  They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables

Question 17

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1
Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings.
 Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01)
 Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig.
 Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04)
-Refer to Research Study 7.1 above to answer the following question. Considering Dr.Oswald's study,her results could most safely be generalized to which of the groups below?

Accepted Answer

A)  People in the southern United States 
B)  Men 
C)  Elderly people 
D)  People with a high number of friends 
E)  People with high life satisfaction 
A)  People in the southern United States 
B)  Men 
C)  Elderly people 
D)  People with a high number of friends 
E)  People with high life satisfaction

Question 18

Stronger effect sizes allow for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship 
B)  Greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another 
C)  Greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship 
B)  Greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another 
C)  Greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
Examining Dr.Moynihan's study and using the three criteria of causation,why can he not say that the number of panic attacks in the past month causes one to have fewer nightmares in the same month?

Accepted Answer

Students should state that Dr.Moynihan i

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2
Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
A - number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism: r = -.03, not sig.
B - number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month: r = -.14 (p = .05)
C - number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism: r = .48 (p = .003)
-Refer to Research Study 7.2 above to answer the following question.
State two questions that you might ask if you were to interrogate the construct validity of Dr.Moynihan's study.

Accepted Answer

Students should pose at least two questi

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following statistical tests is likely to be used?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph,an association is indicated by which of the following?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .22.According to Cohen's benchmarks,the magnitude of this effect is:

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Stronger effect sizes allow for which of the following?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World

Filters

Exam 7: Bivariate Correlational Research

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative,which of the following statistical tests is likely to be used?

When examining an association claim using a bar graph,an association is indicated by which of the following?

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

What are the five questions that consumers of research should ask to evaluate the statistical validity of an association claim?

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .22.According to Cohen's benchmarks,the magnitude of this effect is:

Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT:

Stronger effect sizes allow for which of the following?

Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Sources of Information: Evaluating,Finding,and Reading Information

Three Claims,Four Validities: Interrogation Tools for Consumers of Research

Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Identifying Good Measurement

Describing What People Do: Surveys,Observations,and Sampling

Multivariate Correlational Research

Introduction to Simple Experiments

More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs

Replicability,Generalization,and the Real World

Filters