Question 1

In a fixed interval schedule, when is the reinforcement given?

Accepted Answer

A) the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed 
B) the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed 
C) after a variable number of nonreinforced responses 
D) after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses 
A) the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed 
B) the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed 
C) after a variable number of nonreinforced responses 
D) after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Question 2

Emily always talks out in class, often interrupting the teacher and causing disruptions. In order to deal with these interruptions, Emily's teacher has started to criticize Emily for her lack of control each time she speaks without raising her hand. If Emily's disruptive behaviour increases, then the teacher's methods constitute which type of contingency?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) positive reinforcement 
C) negative punishment 
D) positive punishment 
A) negative reinforcement 
B) positive reinforcement 
C) negative punishment 
D) positive punishment

Question 3

At preschool, Courtney has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Courtney does not wash her hands before eating. Which process does Courtney's behaviour illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) response generalization 
C) stimulus discrimination 
D) response discrimination 
A) stimulus generalization 
B) response generalization 
C) stimulus discrimination 
D) response discrimination

Question 4

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning 
B) instrumental learning 
C) latent conditioning 
D) classical conditioning 
A) observational learning 
B) instrumental learning 
C) latent conditioning 
D) classical conditioning

Question 5

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. In fact, your parents likely maintained control over the TV. In this case, how did your learning occur?

Accepted Answer

A) through operant conditioning 
B) through negative modelling 
C) through observational learning 
D) through classical conditioning 
A) through operant conditioning 
B) through negative modelling 
C) through observational learning 
D) through classical conditioning

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge. 
B) Learning is an automatic process. 
C) Learning is relatively durable. 
D) Learning is due to experience. 
A) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge. 
B) Learning is an automatic process. 
C) Learning is relatively durable. 
D) Learning is due to experience.

Question 7

Which childhood behaviours could be easily explained by classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) a toddler becoming potty-trained 
B) a child learning to fear the dentist 
C) a child learning to pick up her toys 
D) a child learning to feed himself 
A) a toddler becoming potty-trained 
B) a child learning to fear the dentist 
C) a child learning to pick up her toys 
D) a child learning to feed himself

Question 8

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) modelling 
C) discrimination 
D) learning 
A) shaping 
B) modelling 
C) discrimination 
D) learning

Question 9

Tammy gets a sticker to put on a chart every time she cleans her room, brushes her teeth or does a variety of other tasks that her parents want to encourage. At the end of the week, she can get a special treat if she has earned enough stickers. What is the term for this program of behaviour modification?

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) latent learning 
D) token economy 
A) primary reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) latent learning 
D) token economy

Question 10

Which of the following pairs are situations in which an animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original UCS?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning 
B) stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning 
C) higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery 
D) stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination 
A) stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning 
B) stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning 
C) higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery 
D) stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an example of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) nagging a child until she pick up her toys 
B) taking away a child's TV privileges for one week for a bad report card 
C) making a child sit in the corner for 10 minutes for rudeness 
D) laughing at a classmate when he asks a "dumb question" in class 
A) nagging a child until she pick up her toys 
B) taking away a child's TV privileges for one week for a bad report card 
C) making a child sit in the corner for 10 minutes for rudeness 
D) laughing at a classmate when he asks a "dumb question" in class

Question 12

What is true of secondary reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

A) They satisfy biological needs. 
B) They acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers. 
C) They are less effective and salient compared to primary reinforcers. 
D) They are reinforced on intermittent schedules of reinforcement. 
A) They satisfy biological needs. 
B) They acquire reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers. 
C) They are less effective and salient compared to primary reinforcers. 
D) They are reinforced on intermittent schedules of reinforcement.

Question 13

The raccoons used by the Brelands learned to deposit single coins into a slot for food, but they could not learn to deposit two coins into the slot. Which statement is supported by this result?

Accepted Answer

A) It is nearly impossible to operantly condition raccoons. 
B) Some behaviours are easily learned by animals, but only through classical conditioning. 
C) Instinctive patterns of behaviour can interfere with conditioning. 
D) It is nearly impossible to classically condition raccoons. 
A) It is nearly impossible to operantly condition raccoons. 
B) Some behaviours are easily learned by animals, but only through classical conditioning. 
C) Instinctive patterns of behaviour can interfere with conditioning. 
D) It is nearly impossible to classically condition raccoons.

Question 14

What must be done to demonstrate higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) present a UCS that elicits a novel UCR 
B) pair a new CS with an established CS 
C) pair the CS with a new UCS 
D) repeatedly present the CS without presenting the UCS 
A) present a UCS that elicits a novel UCR 
B) pair a new CS with an established CS 
C) pair the CS with a new UCS 
D) repeatedly present the CS without presenting the UCS

Question 15

When you were a child and you first realized that you could use money to buy candy and other treats, what did money become?

Accepted Answer

A) secondary reinforcer 
B) operant reinforcer 
C) classical reinforcer 
D) primary reinforcer 
A) secondary reinforcer 
B) operant reinforcer 
C) classical reinforcer 
D) primary reinforcer

Question 16

Which of the following pairs will increase the probability that a response will be repeated?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement and punishment 
B) positive reinforcement and punishment 
C) negative reinforcement and punishment 
D) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 
A) reinforcement and punishment 
B) positive reinforcement and punishment 
C) negative reinforcement and punishment 
D) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 17

Which of the statement reflects the predominant view among learning theorists today?

Accepted Answer

A) There is no such thing as "the" learning process. 
B) All species are capable of learning all the same responses. 
C) Associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make. 
D) The basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species. 
A) There is no such thing as "the" learning process. 
B) All species are capable of learning all the same responses. 
C) Associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make. 
D) The basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.

Question 18

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use 
B) a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time 
C) a pattern of resistance to extinction 
D) the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response 
A) a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use 
B) a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time 
C) a pattern of resistance to extinction 
D) the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response

Question 19

A dog has been conditioned to salivate in the presence of a 1000 hertz tone. Which of the following tones will elicit the most salivation from the dog?

Accepted Answer

A) 1500 hertz 
B) 1400 hertz 
C) 1200 hertz 
D) 900 hertz 
A) 1500 hertz 
B) 1400 hertz 
C) 1200 hertz 
D) 900 hertz

Question 20

While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first Billy's neighbours had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighbourhood, soon Billy would say "trick or treat" as soon as the neighbours answered the door. In this situation, which operant conditioning term describes the change in Billy's behaviour as a result of the reminders and treats?

Accepted Answer

A) contingency 
B) classical conditioning 
C) shaping 
D) observational learning 
A) contingency 
B) classical conditioning 
C) shaping 
D) observational learning

Exam 6: B: Learning

In a fixed interval schedule, when is the reinforcement given?

What is another name for operant conditioning?

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. In fact, your parents likely maintained control over the TV. In this case, how did your learning occur?

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of learning?

Which childhood behaviours could be easily explained by classical conditioning?

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. What is this process called?

Which of the following pairs are situations in which an animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original UCS?

Which of the following is NOT an example of punishment?

What is true of secondary reinforcers?

The raccoons used by the Brelands learned to deposit single coins into a slot for food, but they could not learn to deposit two coins into the slot. Which statement is supported by this result?

What must be done to demonstrate higher-order conditioning?

When you were a child and you first realized that you could use money to buy candy and other treats, what did money become?

Which of the following pairs will increase the probability that a response will be repeated?

Which of the statement reflects the predominant view among learning theorists today?

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

A dog has been conditioned to salivate in the presence of a 1000 hertz tone. Which of the following tones will elicit the most salivation from the dog?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

A: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

A: Language and Thought

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

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