Question 1

Which of your text's unifying themes is partly illustrated by the fact that variations in cognitive style sometimes reflect the ecological demands of one's environment?

Accepted Answer

A) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
B) Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 
C) Psychology is theoretically diverse. 
D) Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage. 
A) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
B) Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 
C) Psychology is theoretically diverse. 
D) Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 2

What is fast mapping?

Accepted Answer

A) pacing of activity associated with gene expression 
B) relating words to underlying concepts after only one exposure 
C) a type of play a child engages in at an early age 
D) development of a mental representation of one's environment 
A) pacing of activity associated with gene expression 
B) relating words to underlying concepts after only one exposure 
C) a type of play a child engages in at an early age 
D) development of a mental representation of one's environment

Question 3

Which of the following is a general conclusion from research into cognitive style and problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) Field-dependent subjects are better at solving arrangement problems, while field-independent subjects are better at overcoming functional fixedness. 
B) Field-independent subjects do better than field-dependent subjects in solving arrangement problems and in overcoming functional fixedness. 
C) Field-dependent subjects do better than field-independent subjects in solving arrangement problems and in overcoming functional fixedness. 
D) Field-independent subjects are better at solving arrangement problems, while field-dependent subjects are better at overcoming functional fixedness. 
A) Field-dependent subjects are better at solving arrangement problems, while field-independent subjects are better at overcoming functional fixedness. 
B) Field-independent subjects do better than field-dependent subjects in solving arrangement problems and in overcoming functional fixedness. 
C) Field-dependent subjects do better than field-independent subjects in solving arrangement problems and in overcoming functional fixedness. 
D) Field-independent subjects are better at solving arrangement problems, while field-dependent subjects are better at overcoming functional fixedness.

Question 4

Pinker and Bloom (1992) suggest that which of the following are humans able to do because of language,an evolutionary adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A) avoid heuristic fallacies 
B) acquire information about the world secondhand 
C) engage in more efficient introspection 
D) use trial-and-error learning more effectively 
A) avoid heuristic fallacies 
B) acquire information about the world secondhand 
C) engage in more efficient introspection 
D) use trial-and-error learning more effectively

Question 5

Why do diagrams sometimes facilitate problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) They aid in the search for analogies. 
B) They change the representation of the problem. 
C) They make it easier to execute algorithms. 
D) They relax constraints on problem solutions. 
A) They aid in the search for analogies. 
B) They change the representation of the problem. 
C) They make it easier to execute algorithms. 
D) They relax constraints on problem solutions.

Question 6

Imagine that a race of extraterrestrials came to earth. These extraterrestrials quickly learned to use Earth words to convey meaningful messages, and they were able to communicate effectively about unique aspects of their planet in meaningful sentences. Which of the following would be true of their communications?

Accepted Answer

A) They would not be generative or structured, but would be symbolic and semantic. 
B) They would have all the essential requirements for language. 
C) They would not be semantic or generative, but would be structured and symbolic. 
D) They would not be symbolic or semantic, but would be generative and structured. 
A) They would not be generative or structured, but would be symbolic and semantic. 
B) They would have all the essential requirements for language. 
C) They would not be semantic or generative, but would be structured and symbolic. 
D) They would not be symbolic or semantic, but would be generative and structured.

Question 7

What is an algorithm?

Accepted Answer

A) a guiding principle used in problem solving 
B) a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem 
C) it is equivalent to a heuristic 
D) the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver 
A) a guiding principle used in problem solving 
B) a methodical procedure for trying all possible solutions to a problem 
C) it is equivalent to a heuristic 
D) the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by a problem solver

Question 8

Dr. Prasad believes that experience with reinforcement determines which specific aspects of language an individual will eventually master. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to agree with Dr. Prasad?

Accepted Answer

A) theorist Benjamin Whorf 
B) theorist Noam Chomsky 
C) theorist B. F. Skinner 
D) theorist Herbert Simon 
A) theorist Benjamin Whorf 
B) theorist Noam Chomsky 
C) theorist B. F. Skinner 
D) theorist Herbert Simon

Question 9

Evidence was presented in the Featured Study about babbling in the manual mode. What did that study suggest about babbling?

Accepted Answer

A) It is specifically related to maturation of the vocal tract. 
B) It is emitted by deaf infants, but they cannot use it for communication. 
C) It is an important component of language development, regardless of the modality. 
D) It is an important component of spoken speech, but not signed speech. 
A) It is specifically related to maturation of the vocal tract. 
B) It is emitted by deaf infants, but they cannot use it for communication. 
C) It is an important component of language development, regardless of the modality. 
D) It is an important component of spoken speech, but not signed speech.

Question 10

How many morphemes are in the word "unchangeable"?

Accepted Answer

A) one morpheme, for the entire word 
B) four morphemes, one for each syllable 
C) nine morphemes, one for each letter of the alphabet used 
D) three morphemes: "un," "change," and "able" 
A) one morpheme, for the entire word 
B) four morphemes, one for each syllable 
C) nine morphemes, one for each letter of the alphabet used 
D) three morphemes: "un," "change," and "able"

Question 11

Levi enjoys solving logical reasoning problems. He seems to have a knack for looking at problems in new ways and reorganizing the components of problems in creative ways. Which of the following is likely about Levi?

Accepted Answer

A) He will introduce unnecessary constraints into problems that he is working on. 
B) He is field dependent. 
C) He uses algorithms more frequently than heuristics in solving problems. 
D) He relies more heavily on internal than external frames of reference. 
A) He will introduce unnecessary constraints into problems that he is working on. 
B) He is field dependent. 
C) He uses algorithms more frequently than heuristics in solving problems. 
D) He relies more heavily on internal than external frames of reference.

Question 12

Seven-year-old Travis heard a joke in school and asks you, "How could you find a lost dog in the woods?" When you are stumped, he tells you, "You stand near a tree and listen for the bark." What is Travis developing, based on this play on words?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability to use linguistic heuristics 
B) psycholinguistic skills 
C) metalinguistic awareness 
D) linguistic relativity 
A) the ability to use linguistic heuristics 
B) psycholinguistic skills 
C) metalinguistic awareness 
D) linguistic relativity

Question 13

Juliana used to enjoy eating chicken, but since she has seen all the headlines about people becoming ill from eating chicken, she has decided she will never eat chicken again. Which of the following influenced Juliana's decision to stop eating chicken?

Accepted Answer

A) overconfidence effect 
B) representativeness heuristic 
C) conjunction fallacy 
D) availability heuristic 
A) overconfidence effect 
B) representativeness heuristic 
C) conjunction fallacy 
D) availability heuristic

Question 14

Name and describe the three types of problems identified by Greeno (1978), and indicate which of the six approaches to problem solving discussed in your text would be helpful and unhelpful in solving each type of problem.

Accepted Answer

Problems of inducing structure: The subj

Question 15

What does the term "cognition" refer to?

Accepted Answer

A) focusing awareness of a narrow range of stimuli or events 
B) mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge 
C) widely shared beliefs that are transmitted socially across generations 
D) use of language in a social context 
A) focusing awareness of a narrow range of stimuli or events 
B) mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge 
C) widely shared beliefs that are transmitted socially across generations 
D) use of language in a social context

Question 16

What is the term for the deliberate choice of words to create specific emotional responses?

Accepted Answer

A) phonemic overextension 
B) belief perseverance 
C) linguistic relativity 
D) semantic slanting 
A) phonemic overextension 
B) belief perseverance 
C) linguistic relativity 
D) semantic slanting

Question 17

Esmeralda wants to use her roommate's computer to work on her term paper but the roommate has password protected the computer. Rather than starting at "a" and systematically testing every possible word in the English language, Esmeralda makes some educated guesses about the password, based on what she knows about her roommate. What is Esmeralda using in this case?

Accepted Answer

A) representativeness 
B) reframing 
C) an algorithm 
D) a heuristic 
A) representativeness 
B) reframing 
C) an algorithm 
D) a heuristic

Question 18

At about what age do babies start babbling?

Accepted Answer

A) birth 
B) 1 month 
C) 3 months 
D) 6 months 
A) birth 
B) 1 month 
C) 3 months 
D) 6 months

Question 19

Here is an example of a question: Apple is to fruit as hamburger is to _____. What type of question is this?

Accepted Answer

A) arrangement problem 
B) series-completion problem 
C) analogy problem 
D) representativeness heuristic 
A) arrangement problem 
B) series-completion problem 
C) analogy problem 
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 20

What is the origin of holistic styles of thinking, according to Nisbett and his colleagues?

Accepted Answer

A) ancient Chinese philosophies 
B) contemporary educational practices that stress critical thinking skills 
C) contemporary educational practices that stress collaboration 
D) ancient Greek philosophies 
A) ancient Chinese philosophies 
B) contemporary educational practices that stress critical thinking skills 
C) contemporary educational practices that stress collaboration 
D) ancient Greek philosophies

Exam 8: A: Language and Thought

Which of your text's unifying themes is partly illustrated by the fact that variations in cognitive style sometimes reflect the ecological demands of one's environment?

What is fast mapping?

Which of the following is a general conclusion from research into cognitive style and problem solving?

Pinker and Bloom (1992) suggest that which of the following are humans able to do because of language,an evolutionary adaptation?

Why do diagrams sometimes facilitate problem solving?

What is an algorithm?

Dr. Prasad believes that experience with reinforcement determines which specific aspects of language an individual will eventually master. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to agree with Dr. Prasad?

Evidence was presented in the Featured Study about babbling in the manual mode. What did that study suggest about babbling?

How many morphemes are in the word "unchangeable"?

Levi enjoys solving logical reasoning problems. He seems to have a knack for looking at problems in new ways and reorganizing the components of problems in creative ways. Which of the following is likely about Levi?

Seven-year-old Travis heard a joke in school and asks you, "How could you find a lost dog in the woods?" When you are stumped, he tells you, "You stand near a tree and listen for the bark." What is Travis developing, based on this play on words?

Juliana used to enjoy eating chicken, but since she has seen all the headlines about people becoming ill from eating chicken, she has decided she will never eat chicken again. Which of the following influenced Juliana's decision to stop eating chicken?

Name and describe the three types of problems identified by Greeno (1978), and indicate which of the six approaches to problem solving discussed in your text would be helpful and unhelpful in solving each type of problem.

What does the term "cognition" refer to?

What is the term for the deliberate choice of words to create specific emotional responses?

At about what age do babies start babbling?

Here is an example of a question: Apple is to fruit as hamburger is to _____. What type of question is this?

What is the origin of holistic styles of thinking, according to Nisbett and his colleagues?

A: The Evolution of Psychology

B: The Evolution of Psychology

A: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

B: The Research Enterprise in Psychology

A:The Biological Bases of Behaviour

B: The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

A: Variations in Consciousness

B: Variations in Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

A: Human Memory

B: Human Memory

B: Language and Thought

A: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

B: Intelligence and Psychological Testing

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

B: Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

B: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment

A: Stress, Coping, and Health

B: Stress, Coping, and Health

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

B: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

A: Social Behaviour

B: Social Behaviour

Appendix B: Statistical Methods

Appendix C: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Appendix D: Evaluating the Quality of Web-Based Resources

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