Question 1

How do trypanosomes evade host defense mechanisms to cause disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  By killing phagocytic cells. 
B)  By avoiding phagocytosis through capsule production. 
C)  By replicating inside white-blood cells. 
D)  By binding the Fc region of immunoglobulins. 
E)  By an antigenic variation mechanism. 
A)  By killing phagocytic cells. 
B)  By avoiding phagocytosis through capsule production. 
C)  By replicating inside white-blood cells. 
D)  By binding the Fc region of immunoglobulins. 
E)  By an antigenic variation mechanism. E

Question 2

Explain how the trypanosome,that causes sleeping sickness,evades the host immune response to cause disease.

Accepted Answer

The trypanosome, the parasite that causes sleeping sickness, is able to evade the host immune response in several ways. One of the main mechanisms is its ability to frequently change its surface coat proteins, a process known as antigenic variation. This allows the parasite to constantly present new antigens to the immune system, making it difficult for the host to mount an effective immune response.

Additionally, the trypanosome is able to invade and replicate within the host's immune cells, such as macrophages, which are responsible for clearing pathogens from the body. By residing within these immune cells, the parasite is able to avoid detection and destruction by the immune system.

Furthermore, the trypanosome can also suppress the host immune response by producing molecules that inhibit the function of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. This impairs the ability of the host to mount an effective immune response against the parasite.

Overall, the trypanosome has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune response, allowing it to establish a chronic infection and cause the devastating disease of sleeping sickness.

Question 3

What is Ascaris lumbricoides,a helminth that causes ascariasis,commonly called?

Accepted Answer

A)  hookworm 
B)  roundworm 
C)  tapeworm 
D)  pinworm 
E)  whipworm 
A)  hookworm 
B)  roundworm 
C)  tapeworm 
D)  pinworm 
E)  whipworm B

Question 4

The plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea produces specialized cell structures called ____________ that penetrate the plant cuticle to allow the fungi to invade the plant.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyphae 
B)  conidia 
C)  ascospores 
D)  appressoria 
E)  cysts 
A)  hyphae 
B)  conidia 
C)  ascospores 
D)  appressoria 
E)  cysts

Question 5

The fusing of gametes of the Plasmodium parasite is completed in the human host.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Explain how the malarial parasite causes disease in humans.

Accepted Answer

The malarial parasite causes disease in

Question 7

How is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense,transmitted to humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  By a water-borne route. 
B)  By an aerosol route. 
C)  Through the bite of a tsetse fly. 
D)  By direct contact. 
E)  Through sexual contact. 
A)  By a water-borne route. 
B)  By an aerosol route. 
C)  Through the bite of a tsetse fly. 
D)  By direct contact. 
E)  Through sexual contact.

Question 8

α-amanitin has influenced fruit fly evolution because it has contributed to the development of ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased competition for fungal food 
B)  resistance to parasites infecting the flies 
C)  immunity to the toxin in organisms that feed on fruit flies 
D)  lower populations of fruit flies 
E)  increased mutations in fruit fly genomes 
A)  increased competition for fungal food 
B)  resistance to parasites infecting the flies 
C)  immunity to the toxin in organisms that feed on fruit flies 
D)  lower populations of fruit flies 
E)  increased mutations in fruit fly genomes

Question 9

Candida albicans frequently causes the disease ___________ in AIDS patients,which is characterized by thick white lesions in the mouth.

Accepted Answer

A)  cankers 
B)  thrush 
C)  leishmaniasis 
D)  chancre 
E)  impetigo 
A)  cankers 
B)  thrush 
C)  leishmaniasis 
D)  chancre 
E)  impetigo

Question 10

What can result from an ascaris infection in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Poor nutrient absorption and growth. 
B)  Damage to the liver. 
C)  Damage to the heart. 
D)  Rashes. 
E)  Damage to the bladder. 
A)  Poor nutrient absorption and growth. 
B)  Damage to the liver. 
C)  Damage to the heart. 
D)  Rashes. 
E)  Damage to the bladder.

Question 11

How does the fungus Amanita cause disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  From the ingestion of a potent toxin it produces. 
B)  Through the invasion of the intestinal mucosa. 
C)  By inhalation of fungal spores that germinate in the lungs to cause pneumonia. 
D)  By invading the neuronal tissue and causing disease. 
E)  Through the invasion of muscle cells. 
A)  From the ingestion of a potent toxin it produces. 
B)  Through the invasion of the intestinal mucosa. 
C)  By inhalation of fungal spores that germinate in the lungs to cause pneumonia. 
D)  By invading the neuronal tissue and causing disease. 
E)  Through the invasion of muscle cells.

Question 12

Why are trypanosomes not endemic to the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because of an active vaccination program. 
B)  Because the insect vector is absent. 
C)  Because the weather is too cold. 
D)  Because antibiotics keep the disease in check. 
E)  Because of rigorous water treatment standards. 
A)  Because of an active vaccination program. 
B)  Because the insect vector is absent. 
C)  Because the weather is too cold. 
D)  Because antibiotics keep the disease in check. 
E)  Because of rigorous water treatment standards.

Question 13

The form of the Plasmodium parasite that infects the red blood cells is called a merozoite.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What resulted from the deletion of the merozoite surface protein 7 gene (msp7)in a strain of Plasmodium falciparum?

Accepted Answer

A)  Poor replication of the pathogen in the liver. 
B)  Poor attachment to and invasion of red blood cells. 
C)  Poor differentiation of merozoite into gametocytes. 
D)  The disruption of the life cycle in the mosquito. 
E)  Increased destruction of red blood cells. 
A)  Poor replication of the pathogen in the liver. 
B)  Poor attachment to and invasion of red blood cells. 
C)  Poor differentiation of merozoite into gametocytes. 
D)  The disruption of the life cycle in the mosquito. 
E)  Increased destruction of red blood cells.

Question 15

How do spores of the causative agent of Dutch elm disease,Ophiostoma novo-ulmi,spread from a dead infected tree to a non-infected tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  an airborne route of transmission 
B)  woodpeckers 
C)  an elm beetle 
D)  squirrels that live in the dead tree 
E)  mosquitos 
A)  an airborne route of transmission 
B)  woodpeckers 
C)  an elm beetle 
D)  squirrels that live in the dead tree 
E)  mosquitos

Question 16

_______________ are algae that produce potent neurotoxins in large blooms called red tides.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ are algae that produce potent neurotoxins...

Question 17

What do humans ingest in food or water in in order to contact Giardia lamblia?

Accepted Answer

A)  trophozoites 
B)  gametocytes 
C)  sporozoites 
D)  schizonts 
E)  cysts 
A)  trophozoites 
B)  gametocytes 
C)  sporozoites 
D)  schizonts 
E)  cysts

Question 18

What is the intermediate host in the life cycle of Schistosoma?

Accepted Answer

A)  mosquito 
B)  tick 
C)  body louse 
D)  freshwater snail 
E)  cat 
A)  mosquito 
B)  tick 
C)  body louse 
D)  freshwater snail 
E)  cat

Question 19

How does transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  By eating improperly cooked pork. 
B)  Through a respiratory route. 
C)  By consuming fecal contaminated food or water. 
D)  Through a blood-borne route. 
E)  Via an arthropod vector. 
A)  By eating improperly cooked pork. 
B)  Through a respiratory route. 
C)  By consuming fecal contaminated food or water. 
D)  Through a blood-borne route. 
E)  Via an arthropod vector.

Question 20

Malaria was eradicated in the United States by 1951.This was primarily accomplished by:

Accepted Answer

A)  successful vaccine development. 
B)  the use of preventative drugs. 
C)  successful antibiotic therapy. 
D)  reduction of the mosquito population. 
E)  the quarantine of infected individuals. 
A)  successful vaccine development. 
B)  the use of preventative drugs. 
C)  successful antibiotic therapy. 
D)  reduction of the mosquito population. 
E)  the quarantine of infected individuals.

Exam 23: Eukaryal Microbe Pathogenesis

How do trypanosomes evade host defense mechanisms to cause disease?

Explain how the trypanosome,that causes sleeping sickness,evades the host immune response to cause disease.

What is Ascaris lumbricoides,a helminth that causes ascariasis,commonly called?

The plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea produces specialized cell structures called ____________ that penetrate the plant cuticle to allow the fungi to invade the plant.

The fusing of gametes of the Plasmodium parasite is completed in the human host.

Explain how the malarial parasite causes disease in humans.

How is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense,transmitted to humans?

α-amanitin has influenced fruit fly evolution because it has contributed to the development of ______________.

Candida albicans frequently causes the disease ___________ in AIDS patients,which is characterized by thick white lesions in the mouth.

What can result from an ascaris infection in children?

How does the fungus Amanita cause disease?

Why are trypanosomes not endemic to the United States?

The form of the Plasmodium parasite that infects the red blood cells is called a merozoite.

What resulted from the deletion of the merozoite surface protein 7 gene (msp7)in a strain of Plasmodium falciparum?

How do spores of the causative agent of Dutch elm disease,Ophiostoma novo-ulmi,spread from a dead infected tree to a non-infected tree?

_______________ are algae that produce potent neurotoxins in large blooms called red tides.

What do humans ingest in food or water in in order to contact Giardia lamblia?

What is the intermediate host in the life cycle of Schistosoma?

How does transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides occur?

Malaria was eradicated in the United States by 1951.This was primarily accomplished by:

The Microbial World

Bacteria

Eukaryal Microbes

Archaea

Viruses

Cultivating Microorganisms

DNA Replication and Gene Expression

Viral Replication Strategies

Bacterial Genetic Analysis

Microbial Genomics

Regulation of Gene Expression

Microbial Biotechnology

Metabolism

Biogeochemical Cycles

Microbial Ecosystems

The Microbiology of Food and Water

Microbial Symbionts

Introduction to Infectious Diseases

Innate Host Defenses Against Microbial Invasion

Adaptive Immunity

Survival in the Host

Viral Pathogenesis

Control of Infectious Diseases

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