Question 1

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA polymerases. 
B)  transposable elements. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids. 
A)  DNA polymerases. 
B)  transposable elements. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids. B

Question 2

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is:

Accepted Answer

A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  fermentative metabolism. 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  aerobic respiration. 
A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  fermentative metabolism. 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  aerobic respiration. C

Question 3

Teichoic acids, mycolic acids, peptidoglycan, and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Outer cell membrane 
B)  Flagella 
C)  Inner cell membrane 
D)  Cell wall 
A)  Outer cell membrane 
B)  Flagella 
C)  Inner cell membrane 
D)  Cell wall D

Question 4

In gene regulation and control, repression is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
B)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
C)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
D)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
A)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
B)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
C)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
D)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.

Question 5

A bacterial cell that contains teichoic acid stains which color on the Gram stain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pink 
B)  Red 
C)  Green 
D)  Purple 
A)  Pink 
B)  Red 
C)  Green 
D)  Purple

Question 6

The mechanism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)production in which high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central metabolic pathways are donated to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)to form ATP is:

Accepted Answer

A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  fermentative metabolism. 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  aerobic respiration. 
A)  substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  fermentative metabolism. 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation. 
D)  aerobic respiration.

Question 7

Teichoic acids are:

Accepted Answer

A)  waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell walls that make the cells resistant to toxic substances, including acids. 
B)  glycerol- or ribitol-phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars, which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. 
C)  high-molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system. 
D)  hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell. 
A)  waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell walls that make the cells resistant to toxic substances, including acids. 
B)  glycerol- or ribitol-phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars, which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. 
C)  high-molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system. 
D)  hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the transfer RNA (tRNA)mediating the sequential addition of amino acids in a specific sequence that is dictated by the codon sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA)molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transcription 
B)  Initiation 
C)  Elongation 
D)  Termination 
A)  Transcription 
B)  Initiation 
C)  Elongation 
D)  Termination

Question 9

Amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides are produced during which metabolic reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fueling 
B)  Biosynthesis 
C)  Polymerization 
D)  Assembly 
A)  Fueling 
B)  Biosynthesis 
C)  Polymerization 
D)  Assembly

Question 10

In gene regulation and control, induction can be defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
B)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
C)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
D)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
A)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
B)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
C)  mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
D)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.

Question 11

Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded, closed, circular structures are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  transposons. 
B)  insertion sequences. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids. 
A)  transposons. 
B)  insertion sequences. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids.

Question 12

Mutation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C)  process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
A)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C)  process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 13

A bacterial cell that contains an outer membrane and periplasmic space stains pink to red on Gram stain.Which one of the following statements explains this discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacteria were subjected to too much alcohol during the decolorization process, causing the organism to absorb the pink-to-red dye. 
B)  The bacteria with an outer membrane and periplasmic space should not be Gram stained because of their cell wall content. 
C)  Something is wrong with the lot of stains and may be expired.
The gram stain reagents are most likely expired. 
D)  No discrepancy is present; organisms that contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space should stain pink because of their cell wall composition. 
A)  The bacteria were subjected to too much alcohol during the decolorization process, causing the organism to absorb the pink-to-red dye. 
B)  The bacteria with an outer membrane and periplasmic space should not be Gram stained because of their cell wall content. 
C)  Something is wrong with the lot of stains and may be expired.
The gram stain reagents are most likely expired. 
D)  No discrepancy is present; organisms that contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space should stain pink because of their cell wall composition.

Question 14

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein)is defined as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  gene. 
B)  genome. 
C)  nucleotide. 
D)  deoxyribonucleic acid. 
A)  gene. 
B)  genome. 
C)  nucleotide. 
D)  deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 15

Transformation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C)  process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
A)  change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B)  internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C)  process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D)  uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 16

All genes within an organism make up that organism's:

Accepted Answer

A)  chromosomes. 
B)  genome. 
C)  nucleotides. 
D)  DNA. 
A)  chromosomes. 
B)  genome. 
C)  nucleotides. 
D)  DNA.

Question 17

The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  replication enzymes. 
B)  DNA polymerase. 
C)  insertion sequence enzymes. 
D)  transcriptase. 
A)  replication enzymes. 
B)  DNA polymerase. 
C)  insertion sequence enzymes. 
D)  transcriptase.

Question 18

Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mitochondria 
B)  Lysosomes 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Golgi body 
A)  Mitochondria 
B)  Lysosomes 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Golgi body

Question 19

Pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)that move from one genetic element to another and contain genes for movement and genes for other features are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  transposons. 
B)  insertion sequences. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids. 
A)  transposons. 
B)  insertion sequences. 
C)  plasmids. 
D)  chromatoids.

Question 20

The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thinner than in gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  gram-positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space, whereas gram-negative bacteria do not. 
C)  flagella are only present in gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane that functions as the cell's initial barrier to the environment. 
A)  the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thinner than in gram-negative bacteria. 
B)  gram-positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space, whereas gram-negative bacteria do not. 
C)  flagella are only present in gram-positive bacteria. 
D)  gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane that functions as the cell's initial barrier to the environment.

Exam 2: Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and Structure

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called:

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is:

Teichoic acids, mycolic acids, peptidoglycan, and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

In gene regulation and control, repression is defined as the:

A bacterial cell that contains teichoic acid stains which color on the Gram stain?

The mechanism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)production in which high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central metabolic pathways are donated to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)to form ATP is:

Teichoic acids are:

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the transfer RNA (tRNA)mediating the sequential addition of amino acids in a specific sequence that is dictated by the codon sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA)molecule?

Amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides are produced during which metabolic reaction?

In gene regulation and control, induction can be defined as the:

Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded, closed, circular structures are called:

Mutation is defined as the:

A bacterial cell that contains an outer membrane and periplasmic space stains pink to red on Gram stain.Which one of the following statements explains this discrepancy?

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein)is defined as a:

Transformation is defined as the:

All genes within an organism make up that organism's:

The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process is called:

Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances?

Pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)that move from one genetic element to another and contain genes for movement and genes for other features are called:

The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:

Microbial Taxonomy

Host-Microorganism Interactions

Laboratory Safety

Specimen Management

Role of Microscopy

Traditional Cultivation and Identification

Nucleic Acid-Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection

Serologic Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance

Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococcus Micrococcus and Similar Organisms

Streptococcus Enterococcus and Similar Organisms

Bacillus and Similar Organisms

Listeria Corynebacterium and Similar Organisms

Erysipelothrix Lactobacillus and Similar Organisms

Nocardia Streptomyces Rhodococcus and Similar Organisms

Enterobacteriaceae

Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms

Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms

Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms

Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms

Alcaligenes, Bordetella Nonpertussis, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Chromobacterium, and Related Organisms

Sphingomonas Paucimobilis and Similar Organisms

Moraxella and Related Organisms

Eikenella and Similar Organisms

Pasteurella and Similar Organisms

Actinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms

Haemophilus

Bartonella and Afipia

Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter

Legionella

Brucella

Bordetella Pertussis, Bordetella Parapertussis, and Related Species

Francisella

Streptobacillus Moniliformis and Spirillum Minus

Neisseria and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Overview and General Considerations

Overview of Anaerobic Organisms

Mycobacteria

Obligate Intracellular and Non-culturable Bacterial Agents

Cell Walldeficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

The Spirochetes

Laboratory Methods for Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections: Overview

Intestinal Protozoa

Blood and Tissue Protozoa

Other Protozoa

Intestinal Nematodes Roundworms

Tissue Nematodes Roundworms

Blood and Tissue Filarialnematodes

Intestinal Cestodes

Tissue Cestodes

Intestinal Trematodes

Liver and Lung Trematodes

Blood Trematodes

Overview of Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies

Hyaline Molds, Mucorales Zygomycetes, Dermatophytes, and Opportunitistic and Systemic Mycoses

Dematiaceous Melanizedmolds