Question 1

In most mammals,the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood

Accepted Answer

A) increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. 
B) decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. 
C) increases iron content of hemoglobin. 
D) causes anemia. 
A) increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. 
B) decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. 
C) increases iron content of hemoglobin. 
D) causes anemia. B

Question 2

When ventilation is greater than is needed to remove the CO₂ produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood,this is called __________.

Accepted Answer

respiratory alkalosis

Question 3

Why do birds tend to show greater tolerance to high-altitude hypoxia than do mammals? Using the bar-headed goose as an example,list three evolutionary adaptations that enable this species to successfully migrate at high altitudes,such as over the Himalayas at over 9000 m.

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia is a condition where the body is deprived of adequate oxygen.The lung anatomy of birds differs from mammals and is advantageous at high altitudes.In birds,unidirectional ventilation,a thin gas exchange surface,and cross-current flow result in very efficient gas exchange and oxygen extraction.Birds have higher capillary density and smaller muscle fibers compared to mammals,which results in better gas exchange at the muscles.Furthermore,birds tolerate hyperventilation better than mammals,so they obtain more oxygen at high altitudes.
When we compare lowland birds with bar-headed geese we observe three striking differences.Bar-headed geese have larger lungs for their body size,so the greater surface area provides higher oxygen diffusion capacity.Bar-headed geese also have hearts with a higher density of capillaries,which improves oxygen delivery to their hearts.Mitochondria in muscle cells of bar-headed geese is found much closer to capillaries,thus reducing the distance between mitochondria and blood,and resulting in a higher diffusion capacity for oxygen.

Question 4

In crustacean respiration,ventilation happens when water moves out of the

Accepted Answer

A) appendages. 
B) branchial chamber. 
C) scaphognathite. 
D) carapace. 
A) appendages. 
B) branchial chamber. 
C) scaphognathite. 
D) carapace.

Question 5

Why do many diving mammals allow their lungs to collapse during the dive?

Accepted Answer

A) The high pressure forces lung collapse. 
B) It prevents water entry. 
C) It prevents nitrogen narcosis. 
D) The gas pressure in the lungs would damage alveoli. 
A) The high pressure forces lung collapse. 
B) It prevents water entry. 
C) It prevents nitrogen narcosis. 
D) The gas pressure in the lungs would damage alveoli.

Question 6

The shape of an alveolus is

Accepted Answer

A) round. 
B) tubular. 
C) polygonal. 
D) elliptical. 
A) round. 
B) tubular. 
C) polygonal. 
D) elliptical.

Question 7

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.

Accepted Answer

A) countercurrent 
B) concurrent 
C) crosscurrent 
D) convection 
A) countercurrent 
B) concurrent 
C) crosscurrent 
D) convection

Question 8

One of the immediate products of mitochondrial respiration is

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen. 
B) ATP. 
C) carbohydrate. 
D) carbon monoxide. 
A) oxygen. 
B) ATP. 
C) carbohydrate. 
D) carbon monoxide.

Question 9

Which is the correct order of action for the amphibian "balanced breath"?

Accepted Answer

A) buccal cavity expands,glottis opens,spent air leaves lungs,buccal cavity contracts 
B) buccal cavity expands,spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity contracts 
C) glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts,spent air leaves lungs 
D) spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts 
A) buccal cavity expands,glottis opens,spent air leaves lungs,buccal cavity contracts 
B) buccal cavity expands,spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity contracts 
C) glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts,spent air leaves lungs 
D) spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts

Question 10

When plasma CO₂ increases,then

Accepted Answer

A) pH decreases. 
B) HCO₃- decreases. 
C) CO increases. 
D) H⁺ decreases. 
A) pH decreases. 
B) HCO₃- decreases. 
C) CO increases. 
D) H⁺ decreases.

Question 11

The ideal ventilation perfusion ratio for the mammalian lung is

Accepted Answer

A) 0)1. 
B) 1) 
C) 10. 
D) 100. 
A) 0)1. 
B) 1) 
C) 10. 
D) 100.

Question 12

Sea cucumbers have internal respiratory sacs called

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory trees. 
B) papulae. 
C) peristomia. 
D) lungs. 
A) respiratory trees. 
B) papulae. 
C) peristomia. 
D) lungs.

Question 13

In birds,fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the

Accepted Answer

A) lungs. 
B) posterior air sacs. 
C) anterior air sacs. 
D) buccal cavity. 
A) lungs. 
B) posterior air sacs. 
C) anterior air sacs. 
D) buccal cavity.

Question 14

When CO₂ binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When CO₂ binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________....

Question 15

The change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as the result of changes in pH is known as the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The change in oxygen carrying capacity of...

Question 16

Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular system via a sieved opening called the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular...

Question 17

In vertebrates,most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the

Accepted Answer

A) plasma. 
B) red blood cell. 
C) carbaminohemoglobin. 
D) metabolon. 
A) plasma. 
B) red blood cell. 
C) carbaminohemoglobin. 
D) metabolon.

Question 18

In the context of respiratory physiology,what is ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A) the process of moving the respiratory medium across the respiratory surface 
B) the movement of air 
C) the respiratory rate 
D) cooling caused by panting 
A) the process of moving the respiratory medium across the respiratory surface 
B) the movement of air 
C) the respiratory rate 
D) cooling caused by panting

Question 19

Draw and explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin.In your drawing,be sure to label your axes.

Accepted Answer

Monomeric respiratory pigments,such as m

Question 20

Why do "water breathers" have a lower blood Pᶜᴼ² than air breathers?

Accepted Answer

The oxygen content of air is almost 30 t

In most mammals,the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood

When ventilation is greater than is needed to remove the CO₂ produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood,this is called __________.

Why do birds tend to show greater tolerance to high-altitude hypoxia than do mammals? Using the bar-headed goose as an example,list three evolutionary adaptations that enable this species to successfully migrate at high altitudes,such as over the Himalayas at over 9000 m.

In crustacean respiration,ventilation happens when water moves out of the

Why do many diving mammals allow their lungs to collapse during the dive?

The shape of an alveolus is

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.

One of the immediate products of mitochondrial respiration is

Which is the correct order of action for the amphibian "balanced breath"?

When plasma CO₂ increases,then

The ideal ventilation perfusion ratio for the mammalian lung is

Sea cucumbers have internal respiratory sacs called

In birds,fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the

When CO₂ binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________.

The change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as the result of changes in pH is known as the __________.

Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular system via a sieved opening called the __________.

In vertebrates,most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the

In the context of respiratory physiology,what is ventilation?

Draw and explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin.In your drawing,be sure to label your axes.

Why do "water breathers" have a lower blood Pᶜᴼ² than air breathers?

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

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Exam 11: Respiratory Systems

In most mammals,the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood

When ventilation is greater than is needed to remove the CO₂ produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood,this is called __________.

Why do birds tend to show greater tolerance to high-altitude hypoxia than do mammals? Using the bar-headed goose as an example,list three evolutionary adaptations that enable this species to successfully migrate at high altitudes,such as over the Himalayas at over 9000 m.

In crustacean respiration,ventilation happens when water moves out of the

Why do many diving mammals allow their lungs to collapse during the dive?

The shape of an alveolus is

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.

One of the immediate products of mitochondrial respiration is

Which is the correct order of action for the amphibian "balanced breath"?

When plasma CO₂ increases,then

The ideal ventilation perfusion ratio for the mammalian lung is

Sea cucumbers have internal respiratory sacs called

In birds,fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the

When CO₂ binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________.

The change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as the result of changes in pH is known as the __________.

Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular system via a sieved opening called the __________.

In vertebrates,most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the

In the context of respiratory physiology,what is ventilation?

Draw and explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin.In your drawing,be sure to label your axes.

Why do "water breathers" have a lower blood Pᶜᴼ² than air breathers?

Introduction to Physiological Principles

Physiological Evolution of Animals

Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology

Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation

Neuron Structure and Function

Cellular Movement and Muscles

Sensory Systems

Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Circulatory Systems

Immune Systems

Locomotion

Ion and Water Balance

Digestion and Energy Metabolism

Thermal Physiology

Reproductive Physiology

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