Exhibit 7-12: An investigator is studying the effect of two physical fitness programs (M and N) on boys and girls.The experimental design is a 2 * 2 factorial design.The results of the investigation might be one of the following four conditions. $\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{lll} &\text { Condition (a)}\\ &\mathrm{M} & \mathrm{N} \\ \text { Boys }&\mathrm{X}=50 & \mathrm{X}=60 \\ \text { Girls }&\mathrm{X}=60 & \mathrm{X}=50 \end{array} \begin{array}{lll} &\text { Condition (b)}\\ &\mathrm{M} & \mathrm{N} \\ \text { Boys }&\mathrm{X}=50 & \mathrm{X}=60 \\ \text { Girls }&\mathrm{X}=40 & \mathrm{X}=60 \end{array} \end{array}$ $\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{lll} &\text { Condition (c)}\\ &\mathrm{M} & \mathrm{N} \\ \text { Boys }&\mathrm{X}=50 & \mathrm{X}=40 \\ \text { Girls }&\mathrm{Y}=60 & \mathrm{Y}=50 \end{array} \begin{array}{lll} &\text { Condition (d)}\\ &\mathrm{M} \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \mathrm{N} \\ &\text { None of these condition }\\ \\ \end{array} \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-12.Which condition shows only a possible interaction effect?

A) condition (a) B) condition (b) C) condition (c) D) condition (d) A) condition (a) B) condition (b) C) condition (c) D) condition (d)

Exhibit 7-11: In a 2 $\times$ 3 experimental design three kinds of treatments (A, B, and C) were used with two groups of subjects (M and N).The number of subjects and the mean of each group are as follows: $\begin{array}{lll} &&&\text { Treatments }\\ &&\mathrm{A} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} \\ &\mathrm{~M}&\mathrm{X}=20 & \mathrm{X}=18 & \mathrm{X}=16 \\ &&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 \\ \text { subjects } \\ &\mathrm{~N}&\mathrm{X}=12 & \mathrm{X}=14 & \mathrm{X}=16 \\ &&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 \end{array}$ The following is the incomplete summary table of multifactor analysis of variance.Complete the table and answer the following questions. $\begin{array}{ll} \text { Source of variation } & S S & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\ \hline \text { Between columns } & 0 \\ \text { Between rows } & 120 \\ \text { Interaction } & \\ \hline \text { Between groups } & 200 \\ \text { Within groups } & \\ \hline \text { Tntal } & 454 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-11.The SS between interaction is

A) 0. B) 200. C) 254. D) None of these. A) 0. B) 200. C) 254. D) None of these.

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. $ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array} $ The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: $\begin{array}{ll} \underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\ \text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\ \text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\ \text { Interaction }\\ \text { Error } & 128.500 \\ \text { Total } & 102950 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for Time of Day?

A) .042 B) 1.042 C) 63.375 D) None of these are true. A) .042 B) 1.042 C) 63.375 D) None of these are true.

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. $ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array} $ The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: $\begin{array}{ll} \underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\ \text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\ \text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\ \text { Interaction }\\ \text { Error } & 128.500 \\ \text { Total } & 102950 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Time of Day?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 20 D) 24 A) 1 B) 2 C) 20 D) 24

Exhibit 7-13: An investigator wished to look at the relationship between the aspirations of high school juniors for a college education and their current grade point averages.He asked 150 high school juniors whether or not they wanted to attend college.The following data were obtained: $\begin{array}{lllll} &&&GPA\\ & & \text { Below average } & \text { Average } & \text { Above average } \\ \text { Aspiration } & \text { Yes } & 15 & 25 & 35 \\ \text { to attend College } & \text { No } & 35 & 25 & 15 \end{array}$ Apply the XS1U1P12S1S1P0 test to the above data and then answer the following questions. -Refer to Exhibit 7-13.The value of chi square for this problem is

A) 2. B) 2.4. C) 4. D) 16. A) 2. B) 2.4. C) 4. D) 16.

Exhibit 7-13: An investigator wished to look at the relationship between the aspirations of high school juniors for a college education and their current grade point averages.He asked 150 high school juniors whether or not they wanted to attend college.The following data were obtained: $\begin{array}{lllll} &&&GPA\\ & & \text { Below average } & \text { Average } & \text { Above average } \\ \text { Aspiration } & \text { Yes } & 15 & 25 & 35 \\ \text { to attend College } & \text { No } & 35 & 25 & 15 \end{array}$ Apply the XS1U1P12S1S1P0 test to the above data and then answer the following questions. -Refer to Exhibit 7-13.The tabled value of chi square for the corresponding degree(s) of freedom shows 5.99 for the .05 level and 9.21 for the .01 level.The investigator would report that his results are

A) statistically significant at the .05 level. B) statistically significant at the .01 level. C) Not statistically significant. D) None of these are true. A) statistically significant at the .05 level. B) statistically significant at the .01 level. C) Not statistically significant. D) None of these are true.

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. $ \begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array} $ The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: $\begin{array}{ll} \underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\ \text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\ \text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\ \text { Interaction }\\ \text { Error } & 128.500 \\ \text { Total } & 102950 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.The designers can conclude

A) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the morning and afternoon classes. B) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the old and new lesson designs. C) there is evidence to suggest that the lesson design effect in the morning is different from the lesson design effect in the afternoon. D) None of these are true. A) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the morning and afternoon classes. B) there is evidence to suggest a difference between the old and new lesson designs. C) there is evidence to suggest that the lesson design effect in the morning is different from the lesson design effect in the afternoon. D) None of these are true.

Exhibit 7-11: In a 2 $\times$ 3 experimental design three kinds of treatments (A, B, and C) were used with two groups of subjects (M and N).The number of subjects and the mean of each group are as follows: $\begin{array}{lll} &&&\text { Treatments }\\ &&\mathrm{A} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} \\ &\mathrm{~M}&\mathrm{X}=20 & \mathrm{X}=18 & \mathrm{X}=16 \\ &&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 \\ \text { subjects } \\ &\mathrm{~N}&\mathrm{X}=12 & \mathrm{X}=14 & \mathrm{X}=16 \\ &&\mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 & \mathrm{~N}=5 \end{array}$ The following is the incomplete summary table of multifactor analysis of variance.Complete the table and answer the following questions. $\begin{array}{ll} \text { Source of variation } & S S & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\ \hline \text { Between columns } & 0 \\ \text { Between rows } & 120 \\ \text { Interaction } & \\ \hline \text { Between groups } & 200 \\ \text { Within groups } & \\ \hline \text { Tntal } & 454 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-11.The F ratio for between rows is

A) 0. B) 11.34. C) 3.78. D) None of these. A) 0. B) 11.34. C) 3.78. D) None of these.

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week: $\begin{array}{lccc} &&& \underline { \text { Products for }}\\ &\underline { \text { Dogs }} & \underline { \text { Cats }} & \underline { \text { Fish }} & \underline { \text { Birds}} & \underline { \text { Rodents }}\\ \text { Customers }&46&48&35&28&28 \end{array}$ -Refer to Exhibit 7-8.What is the value for the statistic?

A) 1.05 B) 5.45 C) 9.95 D) None of these are true. A) 1.05 B) 5.45 C) 9.95 D) None of these are true.

Exam 7: Sampling and Inferential Statistics

Exhibit 7-4: A group of researchers has developed a method that they hypothesize will improve physics test scores.They randomly selected nine students to participate in their study.The nine students were administered an ACT test, trained in the new method, and then administered an alternate form of the ACT test.The following data are their scores: Subject Test 1 Test 2 1 20 19 2 20 20 3 24 21 4 24 24 5 24 22 6 17 15 7 18 15 8 18 16 9 20 18 -Refer to Exhibit 7-4.The degrees of freedom for the test are the

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Question 41

Exhibit 7-12: An investigator is studying the effect of two physical fitness programs (M and N) on boys and girls.The experimental design is a 2 * 2 factorial design.The results of the investigation might be one of the following four conditions. Condition (a) Boys =50 =60 Girls =60 =50 Condition (b) Boys =50 =60 Girls =40 =60 Condition (c) Boys =50 =40 Girls =60 =50 Condition (d) None of these condition -Refer to Exhibit 7-12.Which condition shows only a possible interaction effect?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 42

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations. -Refer to Exhibit 7-10.The number of teachers who use test banks for a textbook is greater than the number of teachers who create their own test items.

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Question 43

Exhibit 7-11: In a 2 $\times$ 3 experimental design three kinds of treatments (A, B, and C) were used with two groups of subjects (M and N).The number of subjects and the mean of each group are as follows: Treatments =20 =18 =16 =5 =5 =5 subjects =12 =14 =16 =5 =5 =5 The following is the incomplete summary table of multifactor analysis of variance.Complete the table and answer the following questions. Source of variation SS Between columns 0 Between rows 120 Interaction Between groups 200 Within groups Tntal 454 -Refer to Exhibit 7-11.The SS between interaction is

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Question 44

"Do athletes who include imaging their success as part of their practice do better than athletes who do not include imaging?" The null hypothesis is

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Question 45

Exhibit 7-3: A researcher is examining the effects of a computer-based training program designed to teach algebra.The researcher randomly selects subjects for two groups and gives one group the computer training and the other standard teaching methods to see if the results of the two methods differ.The following scores are from the subjects' final test. CBT Control 52 65 55 45 56 47 53 46 50 47 49 33 52 39 53 49 -Refer to Exhibit 7-3.The researcher can conclude that:

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Question 46

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. Morning Old New 16.33 13.50 1.03 2.74 6 6 Afternoon 13.17 16.83 3.55 2.14 6 6 The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: Time of Day 0.042 Lesson Design 1.042 Interaction Error 128.500 Total 102950 -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What is the mean square for Time of Day?

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Question 47

Exhibit 7-5: A researcher finds a .40 correlation between the number of years a student has access to a computer and his or her attitude toward mathematics.The study used 20 subjects. -Refer to Exhibit 7-5.The correlation is statistically significant at what level?

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Question 48

If not all members of a population have a non-zero chance of being selected for a sample, then

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Question 49

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. Morning Old New 16.33 13.50 1.03 2.74 6 6 Afternoon 13.17 16.83 3.55 2.14 6 6 The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: Time of Day 0.042 Lesson Design 1.042 Interaction Error 128.500 Total 102950 -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for Time of Day?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 50

Exhibit 7-13: An investigator wished to look at the relationship between the aspirations of high school juniors for a college education and their current grade point averages.He asked 150 high school juniors whether or not they wanted to attend college.The following data were obtained: GPA Below average Average Above average Aspiration Yes 15 25 35 to attend College No 35 25 15 Apply the X² test to the above data and then answer the following questions. -Refer to Exhibit 7-13.The value of chi square for this problem is

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Question 51

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota. -Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Also known as "Judgment sampling."

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Question 52

Exhibit 7-13: An investigator wished to look at the relationship between the aspirations of high school juniors for a college education and their current grade point averages.He asked 150 high school juniors whether or not they wanted to attend college.The following data were obtained: GPA Below average Average Above average Aspiration Yes 15 25 35 to attend College No 35 25 15 Apply the X² test to the above data and then answer the following questions. -Refer to Exhibit 7-13.The tabled value of chi square for the corresponding degree(s) of freedom shows 5.99 for the .05 level and 9.21 for the .01 level.The investigator would report that his results are

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Question 53

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

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Question 54

If your professor is only interested in the test performance of students in her class, the class is her

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Question 55

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group. Morning Old New 16.33 13.50 1.03 2.74 6 6 Afternoon 13.17 16.83 3.55 2.14 6 6 The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance: Time of Day 0.042 Lesson Design 1.042 Interaction Error 128.500 Total 102950 -Refer to Exhibit 7-7.The designers can conclude

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Question 56

What elements are involved in determining whether the results of a t-test will be statistically significant?

(Short Answer)

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Question 57

Exhibit 7-11: In a 2 $\times$ 3 experimental design three kinds of treatments (A, B, and C) were used with two groups of subjects (M and N).The number of subjects and the mean of each group are as follows: Treatments =20 =18 =16 =5 =5 =5 subjects =12 =14 =16 =5 =5 =5 The following is the incomplete summary table of multifactor analysis of variance.Complete the table and answer the following questions. Source of variation SS Between columns 0 Between rows 120 Interaction Between groups 200 Within groups Tntal 454 -Refer to Exhibit 7-11.The F ratio for between rows is

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Question 58

What elements are involved in determining whether the results of a Pearson r test will be statistically significant?

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Question 59

Exhibit 7-8: A pet store owner buys equal amounts of supplies for all types of animals.She wonders if the proportions of her customers are equal or are the same.She collected the following data over a period of a week: Customers 46 48 35 28 28 -Refer to Exhibit 7-8.What is the value for the statistic?

(Multiple Choice)

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Question 60

Exhibit 7-10: Choose the appropriate statistic for the following situations. -Refer to Exhibit 7-10.The number of teachers who use test banks for a textbook is greater than the number of teachers who create their own test items.

"Do athletes who include imaging their success as part of their practice do better than athletes who do not include imaging?" The null hypothesis is

Exhibit 7-5: A researcher finds a .40 correlation between the number of years a student has access to a computer and his or her attitude toward mathematics.The study used 20 subjects. -Refer to Exhibit 7-5.The correlation is statistically significant at what level?

If not all members of a population have a non-zero chance of being selected for a sample, then

Exhibit 7-2: Label the following characteristics of sampling procedures as convenience, purposive, or quota. -Refer to Exhibit 7-2.Also known as "Judgment sampling."

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

If your professor is only interested in the test performance of students in her class, the class is her

What elements are involved in determining whether the results of a t-test will be statistically significant?

What elements are involved in determining whether the results of a Pearson r test will be statistically significant?

The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

The Scientific Approach in Education

he Research Problem

Reviewing the Literature

The Hypothesis

Descriptive Statistics

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Validity and Reliability

Experimental Research

Experimental Research Design

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Correlation Research

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