Exam 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning

As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard.The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose,causing Oscar to yelp in pain.Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule of partial reinforcement?

What is an effective method for teaching a new behavior that involves balancing too much versus too little reinforcement?

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?

Carlos has an intense fear of public speaking,which hinders his advancement in his job.He is an assistant professor of economics and must speak regularly to large classes of students.He must also present his research to his peers within the university and at large academic conferences. Using principles of classical conditioning,develop a plan to help Carlos reduce his fear of public speaking.Be specific as to which principle(s)you are applying and how they work.

The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned,which they described as ____.

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages?

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command,"Get beer,Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle,taking out a can of beer with his mouth,and bringing it to her dinner guest.Which of the following training methods is likely to work best?

Explain how cyberbullying could be the result of observational learning.Include in your response the four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention,retention,reproduction,and motivation.

Cliff has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking,and this has caused him to lose friends and to damage relationships at work.To reduce the frequency of this behavior,Cliff wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist.Whenever he begins to speak without thinking,he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit.This is an example of ______ therapy.

Lucia,who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam,practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test.Her meditation breathing is an example of ____.

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responding is called ____.

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n)____ reinforcer.

A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as a(n)____.

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus,this is referred to as ____.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of partial reinforcement?

Eli is afraid of bees,and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago.Lately,his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect,even tiny ones like gnats.The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying "bug" demonstrates _____.

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?