Exam 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning

Marcus,who runs a software development company,repeatedly gives his administrative assistant,Shana,small pay raises for her hard work.Lately however,Marcus neglects to acknowledge the accomplishments of Shana with small pay raises;Shana's performance has begun to decline.What likely contributed to Shana's performance problems?

Three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior: ____.

Determining whether an action constitutes reinforcement or punishment requires understanding ____.

Jonah is playing on his tablet one evening,when his father asks him to finish up and get ready to take a bath.Jonah nods but completely ignores the request.After a few minutes his father repeats the request with a slightly sterner voice.Jonah says,"Okay,let me just finish this game." Ten minutes later,when Jonah has clearly played several more games,his father repeats the request but with a very firm voice.Jonah,knowing that his father is getting angry,puts down the tablet and goes to take a bath.Jonah's different responding to different "voices" from his father illustrates _____.

What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct?

The development of a conditioned response is called ____.

At dinner Ming Yan eats several familiar foods (pasta,salad,bread)and an unfamiliar food (deep fried cheese curds).Later that evening she suffers abdominal discomfort.She attributes this to the deep fried cheese curds,but later learns that she had developed a sensitivity to gluten.Her misattribution of the problem to the deep fried cheese curds is likely due to ____.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins,the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n)____.

As Freddy speeds down Elm Street,he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car.Freddy's response is an example of a(n)____.

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning?

What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards,but eventually ____.

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a changing,or non-fixed,period of time is reinforced is called a(n)____ schedule.

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior.They are,in order,____.

The formation of associations between two stimuli,which occur sequentially in time,is referred to as ____.

Dr.Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage,but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent.After several trials,upon smelling a vanilla scent,the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present.However,they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent.What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

Children are most likely to pattern their own behaviors based on the ____ of their parents.

According to Rescorla and Wagner,the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.