Question 1

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for equally long periods of time. 
A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for equally long periods of time.

Question 2

In Thorndike's puzzle box experiments,the cats were rewarded by:

Accepted Answer

A) getting out of the box. 
B) getting food. 
C) getting Food. 
D) both a and b. 
A) getting out of the box. 
B) getting food. 
C) getting Food. 
D) both a and b.

Question 3

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the UCS was:

Accepted Answer

A) the white rat. 
B) the loud noise. 
C) the fear of the rat. 
D) the fear of the noise. 
A) the white rat. 
B) the loud noise. 
C) the fear of the rat. 
D) the fear of the noise.

Question 4

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a/an:

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) conditioned stimulus. 
A) unconditioned response. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 5

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer wearing a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental learning. 
B) observational learning. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) a reflex response to a neutral stimulus. 
A) instrumental learning. 
B) observational learning. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) a reflex response to a neutral stimulus.

Question 6

Thorndike's experiment used _____ and a ______ in his study of operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) rats; maze 
B) cats; puzzle box 
C) chimpanzees; crates 
D) pigeons; Skinner box 
A) rats; maze 
B) cats; puzzle box 
C) chimpanzees; crates 
D) pigeons; Skinner box

Question 7

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that phobias might be:

Accepted Answer

A) based on classical conditioning. 
B) based on age and temperament factors. 
C) based on the principle of observational learning. 
D) based on Skinner's theory of positive/negative reinforcement. 
A) based on classical conditioning. 
B) based on age and temperament factors. 
C) based on the principle of observational learning. 
D) based on Skinner's theory of positive/negative reinforcement.

Question 8

Miranda wanted to make a casserole she saw on a food show on television.She bought the ingredients,put them together,baked it,and served it at dinner that night.To her horror,it tasted awful.She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show.Miranda's dinner disaster was an example of failing at which of Bandura's four elements of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A) attention 
B) memory 
C) imitation 
D) motivation 
A) attention 
B) memory 
C) imitation 
D) motivation

Question 9

Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door.But if her door was open,it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time.Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ___________ for _______________.

Accepted Answer

A) discriminative stimulus; asking questions 
B) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions 
C) discriminative response; asking questions 
D) discriminative response; not asking questions 
A) discriminative stimulus; asking questions 
B) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions 
C) discriminative response; asking questions 
D) discriminative response; not asking questions

Question 10

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) making the punishment occur only on a partial,sporadic schedule 
B) making the punishment consistent 
C) pairing punishment of the wrong behaviour with reinforcement of the correct behaviour 
D) having the punishment immediately follow the behaviour it is meant to punish 
A) making the punishment occur only on a partial,sporadic schedule 
B) making the punishment consistent 
C) pairing punishment of the wrong behaviour with reinforcement of the correct behaviour 
D) having the punishment immediately follow the behaviour it is meant to punish

Question 11

Interested in the phenomenon of conditioning,you go home and do the following.You get a flashlight.You then say your name and flash the light into your eyes.You repeat this several times.Then you look in the mirror and say your name.You would expect that when hearing your name:

Accepted Answer

A) you see no change in the appearance of your eyes because your name is a sound and you don't hear with your eyes. 
B) your pupils become wider to let in the light that your eyes expect from the flashlight. 
C) your pupils contract as the pupillary response to shrink them with bright lights has become classically conditioned to the sound of your name. 
D) you voluntarily force your pupils to contract because you have heard the name and it warns you of the light. 
A) you see no change in the appearance of your eyes because your name is a sound and you don't hear with your eyes. 
B) your pupils become wider to let in the light that your eyes expect from the flashlight. 
C) your pupils contract as the pupillary response to shrink them with bright lights has become classically conditioned to the sound of your name. 
D) you voluntarily force your pupils to contract because you have heard the name and it warns you of the light.

Question 12

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her.According to observational learning theory,to be an effective experience,what must occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Her son must also model the behaviour immediately. 
B) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. 
C) Her son must take notes to reinforce the learning process. 
D) Cheryl must reward her son at each step in the process. 
A) Her son must also model the behaviour immediately. 
B) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. 
C) Her son must take notes to reinforce the learning process. 
D) Cheryl must reward her son at each step in the process.

Question 13

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) lemonade 
C) shelter 
D) a gold star 
A) water 
B) lemonade 
C) shelter 
D) a gold star

Question 14

A stimulus presented to a person or an animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as a/an:

Accepted Answer

A) punishment by application. 
B) punishment by removal. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) extinguisher. 
A) punishment by application. 
B) punishment by removal. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) extinguisher.

Question 15

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________________ in their study.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned emotional response 
B) unconditioned emotional response 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned stimulus 
A) conditioned emotional response 
B) unconditioned emotional response 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behaviour.However,the child soon goes back to acting badly.All of the following reasons help explain why this occurred EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) "punishment" has a more complex job (weaken and extinguish)than reinforcement and therefore has increased odds of failure. 
B) punishment is known to only temporarily suppress or inhibit a behaviour. 
C) the "bad" behaviour may be affected by type of spontaneous recovery. 
D) the conditioned emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behaviour. 
A) "punishment" has a more complex job (weaken and extinguish)than reinforcement and therefore has increased odds of failure. 
B) punishment is known to only temporarily suppress or inhibit a behaviour. 
C) the "bad" behaviour may be affected by type of spontaneous recovery. 
D) the conditioned emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behaviour.

Question 17

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep.In an attempt to solve the problem,he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug.He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam.He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep.The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _____________ to accomplish this.

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning 
B) latent learning 
C) vicarious conditioning 
D) conditioned taste aversions 
A) observational learning 
B) latent learning 
C) vicarious conditioning 
D) conditioned taste aversions

Question 18

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by:

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) biological preparedness. 
D) social learning theory. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) biological preparedness. 
D) social learning theory.

Question 19

Seligman found many similarities between his "helpless" dogs and people suffering from:

Accepted Answer

A) aggressive behaviour syndrome. 
B) mental illness. 
C) schizophrenia. 
D) depression. 
A) aggressive behaviour syndrome. 
B) mental illness. 
C) schizophrenia. 
D) depression.

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

Accepted Answer

A) hue 
B) decibels 
C) amplitude 
D) wavelength 
A) hue 
B) decibels 
C) amplitude 
D) wavelength

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

In Thorndike's puzzle box experiments,the cats were rewarded by:

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the UCS was:

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a/an:

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer wearing a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of:

Thorndike's experiment used _ and a __ in his study of operant conditioning.

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that phobias might be:

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

Interested in the phenomenon of conditioning,you go home and do the following.You get a flashlight.You then say your name and flash the light into your eyes.You repeat this several times.Then you look in the mirror and say your name.You would expect that when hearing your name:

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her.According to observational learning theory,to be an effective experience,what must occur?

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A stimulus presented to a person or an animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as a/an:

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________________ in their study.

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behaviour.However,the child soon goes back to acting badly.All of the following reasons help explain why this occurred EXCEPT:

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by:

Seligman found many similarities between his "helpless" dogs and people suffering from:

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

The Science of Psychology

The Biological Perspective

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs

Memory

Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Development Across the Life Span

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Psychology and Human Development

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Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

In Thorndike's puzzle box experiments,the cats were rewarded by:

In Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," the UCS was:

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a/an:

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer wearing a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of:

Thorndike's experiment used _____ and a ______ in his study of operant conditioning.

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that phobias might be:

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?

Interested in the phenomenon of conditioning,you go home and do the following.You get a flashlight.You then say your name and flash the light into your eyes.You repeat this several times.Then you look in the mirror and say your name.You would expect that when hearing your name:

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her.According to observational learning theory,to be an effective experience,what must occur?

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A stimulus presented to a person or an animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as a/an:

John Watson and his colleague Rosalie Rayner offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________________ in their study.

A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behaviour.However,the child soon goes back to acting badly.All of the following reasons help explain why this occurred EXCEPT:

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by:

Seligman found many similarities between his "helpless" dogs and people suffering from:

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

The Science of Psychology

The Biological Perspective

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs

Memory

Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Development Across the Life Span

Motivation and Emotion

Stress and Health

Theories of Personality

Social Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Therapies

Psychology and Human Development

Filters

Thorndike's experiment used _ and a __ in his study of operant conditioning.