Exam 2: What Influences Offenders' Willingness to Serve Alternative Sanctions?

Diversion from _______________ is also a pretrial mechanism to keep offenders out of the system.As reviewed in the previous discussion, offenders who have been summoned to court can await their trial date at home.This provides them with an opportunity to maintain gainful employment-if they have a job-and bonds to their community, which are especially important if children are present.

According to Heck and Roussell, and with regard to the categorical models of statewide drug court management, _______________ funnel authority through the state Administrative Offices of the Courts, also to varying degrees.

The first pretrial release program began in __________ with the Manhattan Bail Project.This project was designed to assist judges in identifying defendants who were eligible to be released on their own recognizance (ROR).Modeled after the recognizance programs in Europe discussed in the previous section, this program became so successful that over the next 2 decades more than 200 cities had some version of pretrial release in place.

The term _______________ refers to the study of the role of the law as a therapeutic agent.It essentially focuses on the law's impact on emotional life and on psychological well-being.In this regard, it focuses on the human, emotional, and psychological side of law and the legal process.

Diversion from _______________ is oftentimes used with juvenile offenders but may be used with adults as well.In these instances, law enforcement officers are typically called to the scene of an event where all evidence suggests that a crime has occurred and asked to respond accordingly.In these circumstances, officers have wide latitude to decide what to do and how best to respond.

According to Heck and Roussell, and with regard to the categorical models of statewide drug court management, _______________ are those that fund and manage their courts solely or largely through executive branch offices (generally the single state agency responsible for handling substance abuse and addiction problems).

Diversion from _______________ may also fall under the category of pretrial release.In these cases, offenders are formally charged and diverted to programs outside of the court system.Individuals successfully completing their programs would have their charges dropped, and depending upon the state and the offense, they could potentially have their records expunged.

In 1989, a special drug court was established by judicial order in _______________.This high-volume court expanded on traditional drug-defendant diversion programs by offering a year or more of court-run treatment; defendants who complete this option have their criminal cases dismissed.

Following the use of pretrial supervision, those individuals who have been convicted or adjudicated may qualify for a diversionary program.Specifically designed for juvenile offenders but used for adults as well, these programs offer assistance at (a) different point(s) in the system, including:

According to Heck and Roussell, and with regard to the categorical models of statewide drug court management, whereas "hard" executive or judicial models are easy to identify, _______________ are "softer" and appear in a wide array of incarnations.

Although they vary widely, common features of _______________ include a non-adversarial approach to integrating substance abuse treatment with criminal justice case processing.The focus is on early identification of eligible substance abusers and prompt placement in treatment, combined with frequent drug testing.

According to your textbook authors, the National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies (NAPSA) defines the purpose of _______________ as being a "voluntary option which provides alternative criminal case processing for a defendant charged with a crime that ideally, upon successful completion of an individualized program plan results in a dismissal of the charge(s)".

According to Heck and Roussell, when designing, shifting, or revising a statewide drug court management plan, it is clear that state administrators, legislators, and judges must take a strategic approach and take the following into account:

_______________ are designed to ensure that nonviolent mentally ill offenders are not warehoused in prisons; however, at the same time, the goal of these courts is to ensure that these offenders are not being a nuisance for the community.

_______________ are courts that provide comprehensive services to offenders who return from prison to the community by utilizing comprehensive services provided by a network of agencies in the surrounding area.The focus of reentry courts recognizes that offenders need to be held strictly accountable but yet are in serious need of assistance as they return to communities.

In their study on the impact of gender and race/ethnicity in the pretrial release process, Demuth and Steffensmeier hypothesize that:

Broadly defined, _______________ is a process whereby someone-either an adult or child-is referred to a program (usually external to the official system) for counseling or care of some form in lieu of referral to the official court

_______________ serves as a voluntary option for offenders awaiting a court appearance.Ideally, those charged would complete some form of individualized treatment program before being released.

Diversion from _______________ includes a variety of different sanctions, which can include suspending the sentence of offenders in lieu of probation, release on parole, early release, or other intermediate sanctions such as diversionary or specialized courts such as drug courts.

The term _______________ refers to a concept where communities that experience disorderly conduct or criminal behavior possess citizens who have the cohesiveness to act in an "effective" means to solve the crime problem in their area.