Question 1

How can somatic cell nuclear transfer be used to clone a mouse?

Accepted Answer

Although a relatively inefficient method of cloning,as evidenced from the data that emerged following cloning Dolly the sheep,the technique relies on removing the nucleus from a fully differentiated cell and transplanting it into an enucleated egg of a donor mouse.In one example,the nucleus from an olfactory sensory neuron of a mouse that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP)was transplanted into an enucleated egg and then differentiated in culture until the inner cell mass stage.GFP-expressing ES cells were isolated and injected into a tetraploid blastocyst host.When this chimeric blastocyst was transplanted into the uterus of a pseudopregnant female,the tetraploid cells formed the placenta and the GFP-expressing cells the embryo proper.If all cells express GFP when the pups were born,this would indicate that their nuclei had been derived from that originally isolated from the GFP-expressing olfactory neuron.

Question 2

In mammalian development,which of the following is the correct chronological order of events?

Accepted Answer

A) blastocyst,zygote,four-cell,compacted morula, 
B) zygote,four-cell,compacted morula,blastocyst 
C) compacted morula,blastocyst,zygote,four-cell 
D) four-cell,compacted morula,blastocyst,zygote 
A) blastocyst,zygote,four-cell,compacted morula, 
B) zygote,four-cell,compacted morula,blastocyst 
C) compacted morula,blastocyst,zygote,four-cell 
D) four-cell,compacted morula,blastocyst,zygote B

Question 3

The use of cell-based models to understand or treat human disease processes is aided by stem cells in all the following ways,except:

Accepted Answer

A) growth of neurons in cell culture containing mutations associated with ALS for drug screening. 
B) culture of patient-specific cells to replace those lost to disease,such as for type 2 diabetes. 
C) differentiation of neurons from iPS cells to replace those damaged by neurodegenerative diseases. 
D) provides proof that ES cells are pluripotent and can divide to make a normal animal. 
A) growth of neurons in cell culture containing mutations associated with ALS for drug screening. 
B) culture of patient-specific cells to replace those lost to disease,such as for type 2 diabetes. 
C) differentiation of neurons from iPS cells to replace those damaged by neurodegenerative diseases. 
D) provides proof that ES cells are pluripotent and can divide to make a normal animal. D

Question 4

The mating projection or shmoo in budding yeast cells relies on having:

Accepted Answer

A) Cdc42 recruited and localized to the region near the highest concentration of mating pheromone. 
B) formin proteins to nucleate the assembly of actin filaments. 
C) myosin V to move secretory vesicles to the plus (+)ends of microfilaments. 
D) all of the above 
A) Cdc42 recruited and localized to the region near the highest concentration of mating pheromone. 
B) formin proteins to nucleate the assembly of actin filaments. 
C) myosin V to move secretory vesicles to the plus (+)ends of microfilaments. 
D) all of the above

Question 5

Describe gamete fusion that occurs during mammalian fertilization.

Accepted Answer

The mouse sperm must penetrate a layer o

Question 6

Describe two ways that stem cells can be induced to divide asymmetrically.

Accepted Answer

In the first method,a stem cell responds

Question 7

Examination of a cell's structure reveals condensed chromatin,a shrunken cytoplasm,but unfragmented DNA and a lack of blebbing.If this cell has been triggered to undergo apoptosis by an extrinsic factor,which of the following events has NOT likely happened yet?

Accepted Answer

A) activation of a TNF-α receptor 
B) recruitment of TRADD 
C) recruitment of FADD 
D) activation of caspases 
A) activation of a TNF-α receptor 
B) recruitment of TRADD 
C) recruitment of FADD 
D) activation of caspases

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the stem cells located in the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

A) They express β-catenin. 
B) Lgr5 encodes an R-spondin receptor. 
C) The Lgr5 gene is induced by Wnt signaling. 
D) They are located in pits called crypts. 
A) They express β-catenin. 
B) Lgr5 encodes an R-spondin receptor. 
C) The Lgr5 gene is induced by Wnt signaling. 
D) They are located in pits called crypts.

Question 9

Shmoo formation allows budding yeast to grow toward a concentration of mating factor.Describe how asymmetric changes in the haploid yeast cell promote the formation of this mating projection.

Accepted Answer

Haploid yeast exist in either an a or α

Question 10

Explain the role of mitochondria in apoptosis.

Accepted Answer

When mitochondria are triggered to relea

Question 11

Fully differentiated mouse fibroblasts can be reprogrammed or induced to form pluripotent stem cells when transfected with retroviral vectors that express:

Accepted Answer

A) KLF4. 
B) c-MYC. 
C) SOX2. 
D) all of the above 
A) KLF4. 
B) c-MYC. 
C) SOX2. 
D) all of the above

Question 12

The apical-basolateral polarity of epithelial cells depends on which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the Scribble complex in the apical domain of the cell 
B) the Crumbs complex in the basal domain of the cell 
C) the interaction between nectin and JAM-A 
D) all of the above 
A) the Scribble complex in the apical domain of the cell 
B) the Crumbs complex in the basal domain of the cell 
C) the interaction between nectin and JAM-A 
D) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following genes encodes a caspase in C.elegans?

Accepted Answer

A) ced-3 
B) ced-4 
C) ced-9 
D) ced-8 
A) ced-3 
B) ced-4 
C) ced-9 
D) ced-8

Question 14

Describe how the stem cell niche contributes to the maintenance of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila.

Accepted Answer

In the fly ovary,there is a niche where

Question 15

When a cell divides asymmetrically:

Accepted Answer

A) PAR proteins are spread homogenously throughout the cell. 
B) the spindle orients the new daughter cell toward the niche cell. 
C) exogenous factors bind cell surface receptors to induce actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. 
D) the resulting two cells are identical to each other. 
A) PAR proteins are spread homogenously throughout the cell. 
B) the spindle orients the new daughter cell toward the niche cell. 
C) exogenous factors bind cell surface receptors to induce actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. 
D) the resulting two cells are identical to each other.

Question 16

The first differentiation event following fertilization occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A) the morula separates from the blastocyst. 
B) the trophoectoderm separates from the inner cell mass. 
C) the four-cell stage undergoes cleavage to generate the eight-cell stage. 
D) the zygote divides to form two cells. 
A) the morula separates from the blastocyst. 
B) the trophoectoderm separates from the inner cell mass. 
C) the four-cell stage undergoes cleavage to generate the eight-cell stage. 
D) the zygote divides to form two cells.

Question 17

Floral meristems give rise to:

Accepted Answer

A) leaves. 
B) petals. 
C) stamens. 
D) petals and stamens. 
A) leaves. 
B) petals. 
C) stamens. 
D) petals and stamens.

Question 18

Describe how Cre recombinase is used in lineage-tracing studies to follow the fate of Lgr5⁺-expressing intestinal stem cells.

Accepted Answer

Investigators have genetically engineere

Question 19

XIAP proteins:

Accepted Answer

A) inhibit initiator and effector caspases. 
B) are released from the mitochondria through Bad/Bax oliogomers. 
C) are activated by SMAC/DIABLO proteins. 
D) cleave the cytoskeleton during apoptosis. 
A) inhibit initiator and effector caspases. 
B) are released from the mitochondria through Bad/Bax oliogomers. 
C) are activated by SMAC/DIABLO proteins. 
D) cleave the cytoskeleton during apoptosis.

Question 20

Mitochondrial permeabilization can be induced by compounds that poke small holes in the outer membrane.This would cause:

Accepted Answer

A) cytochrome c to be released into the cytosol. 
B) increased ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. 
C) increased Bad-Bcl2 interactions. 
D) upregulation of caspase expression. 
A) cytochrome c to be released into the cytosol. 
B) increased ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. 
C) increased Bad-Bcl2 interactions. 
D) upregulation of caspase expression.

Exam 30: Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death

How can somatic cell nuclear transfer be used to clone a mouse?

In mammalian development,which of the following is the correct chronological order of events?

The use of cell-based models to understand or treat human disease processes is aided by stem cells in all the following ways,except:

The mating projection or shmoo in budding yeast cells relies on having:

Describe gamete fusion that occurs during mammalian fertilization.

Describe two ways that stem cells can be induced to divide asymmetrically.

Examination of a cell's structure reveals condensed chromatin,a shrunken cytoplasm,but unfragmented DNA and a lack of blebbing.If this cell has been triggered to undergo apoptosis by an extrinsic factor,which of the following events has NOT likely happened yet?

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the stem cells located in the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

Shmoo formation allows budding yeast to grow toward a concentration of mating factor.Describe how asymmetric changes in the haploid yeast cell promote the formation of this mating projection.

Explain the role of mitochondria in apoptosis.

Fully differentiated mouse fibroblasts can be reprogrammed or induced to form pluripotent stem cells when transfected with retroviral vectors that express:

The apical-basolateral polarity of epithelial cells depends on which one of the following?

Which of the following genes encodes a caspase in C.elegans?

Describe how the stem cell niche contributes to the maintenance of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila.

When a cell divides asymmetrically:

The first differentiation event following fertilization occurs when:

Floral meristems give rise to:

Describe how Cre recombinase is used in lineage-tracing studies to follow the fate of Lgr5⁺-expressing intestinal stem cells.

XIAP proteins:

Mitochondrial permeabilization can be induced by compounds that poke small holes in the outer membrane.This would cause:

Chemical Foundations

Molecular Genetic Techniques

Protein Structure and Function

Culturing and Visualizing Cells

Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms

Bio-membrane Structure

Genes Genomics and Chromosomes

Transcriptional Control of Gene Expression

Post-Transcriptional Gene Control

Transmembrane Transport of Ions and Small Molecules

Cellular Energetics

Moving Proteins Into Membranes and Organelles

Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis

Signal Transduction and G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Signaling Pathways That Control Gene Activity

Cell Organization and Movement I: Microfilaments

Cell Organization and Movement II: Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments

Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Integrating Cells Into Tissues

Nerve Cells

Immunology

Cancer

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