Question 1

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  We must understand the basic components of perception. 
B)  We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. 
C)  We want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects. 
D)  We need to identify the neurons that create perception. 
A)  We must understand the basic components of perception. 
B)  We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. 
C)  We want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects. 
D)  We need to identify the neurons that create perception. B

Question 2

Assume you are presented with the following problem: "How many four-letter English words can be created using only the letters A, E, M, N, R, S, T?" Describe both an algorithmic approach and a heuristic approach for finding the solution to this problem.Explain how your two approaches would differ in terms of success rate and speed of obtaining an accurate solution.

Accepted Answer

Algorithmic Approach:
One algorithmic approach to solving this problem would be to use a recursive function to generate all possible combinations of four letters from the given set of letters A, E, M, N, R, S, T. The function would start with an empty string and then for each letter in the given set, it would append the letter to the string and call itself with the updated string and the remaining letters. This process would continue until the string has a length of four, at which point it would be added to a list of valid words. Finally, the algorithm would return the length of the list of valid words.

Heuristic Approach:
A heuristic approach to solving this problem would be to first recognize that there are 7 choices for the first letter, 6 choices for the second letter, 5 choices for the third letter, and 4 choices for the fourth letter. Therefore, the total number of four-letter words that can be created is 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 = 840.

Difference in Success Rate and Speed:
The algorithmic approach would have a higher success rate in obtaining an accurate solution because it systematically generates all possible combinations and ensures that no valid words are missed. However, it would be slower in terms of obtaining the solution due to the recursive nature of the algorithm and the need to generate and store all possible combinations.

On the other hand, the heuristic approach is faster in obtaining a solution as it quickly calculates the total number of possibilities. However, it may not be as accurate as the algorithmic approach because it assumes all combinations are valid words, which may not be the case.

Question 3

Speech segmentation is defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. 
B)  ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. 
C)  organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. 
D)  recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language. 
A)  creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. 
B)  ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. 
C)  organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. 
D)  recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language. C

Question 4

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  brain ablation. 
B)  dissociation. 
C)  fMRI. 
D)  EEG. 
A)  brain ablation. 
B)  dissociation. 
C)  fMRI. 
D)  EEG.

Question 5

The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of

Accepted Answer

A)  heuristics. 
B)  the Gestalt law of organization. 
C)  an algorithm. 
D)  both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization. 
A)  heuristics. 
B)  the Gestalt law of organization. 
C)  an algorithm. 
D)  both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.

Question 6

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

Accepted Answer

A)  oblique effect. 
B)  likelihood principle. 
C)  principle of componential recovery. 
D)  principle of speech segmentation. 
A)  oblique effect. 
B)  likelihood principle. 
C)  principle of componential recovery. 
D)  principle of speech segmentation.

Question 7

The perception pathway corresponds to the pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  where; what 
B)  what where 
C)  size; distance 
D)  distance; size 
A)  where; what 
B)  what where 
C)  size; distance 
D)  distance; size

Question 8

A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is

Accepted Answer

A)  heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms. 
B)  algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics. 
C)  heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do. 
D)  algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics. 
A)  heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms. 
B)  algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics. 
C)  heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do. 
D)  algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics.

Question 9

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

Accepted Answer

A)  neuropsychology. 
B)  functional localization. 
C)  positron emission tomography. 
D)  the subtraction technique. 
A)  neuropsychology. 
B)  functional localization. 
C)  positron emission tomography. 
D)  the subtraction technique.

Question 10

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S.Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations.Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory.Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

Accepted Answer

A)  bottom-up processing. 
B)  top-down processing. 
C)  their in-depth understanding of principles of perception. 
D)  repeated practice at the task. 
A)  bottom-up processing. 
B)  top-down processing. 
C)  their in-depth understanding of principles of perception. 
D)  repeated practice at the task.

Question 11

When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions

Accepted Answer

A)  are absent. 
B)  involve the same mechanism. 
C)  are present. 
D)  involve different mechanisms. 
A)  are absent. 
B)  involve the same mechanism. 
C)  are present. 
D)  involve different mechanisms.

Question 12

A heuristic is a

Accepted Answer

A)  "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem. 
B)  procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem. 
C)  series of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes. 
D)  short algorithm. 
A)  "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem. 
B)  procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem. 
C)  series of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes. 
D)  short algorithm.

Question 13

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n)_______ response to faces and an _________ response to Greebles.

Accepted Answer

A)  unvaried; unvaried 
B)  decreased; increased 
C)  unvaried; increased 
D)  increased; increased 
A)  unvaried; unvaried 
B)  decreased; increased 
C)  unvaried; increased 
D)  increased; increased

Question 14

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands.You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together.The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth.You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

Accepted Answer

A)  simplicity. 
B)  similarity. 
C)  pragnanz. 
D)  familiarity. 
A)  simplicity. 
B)  similarity. 
C)  pragnanz. 
D)  familiarity.

Question 15

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception.

Accepted Answer

A)  illusory conjunctions 
B)  context 
C)  naming association 
D)  attention 
A)  illusory conjunctions 
B)  context 
C)  naming association 
D)  attention

Question 16

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

Accepted Answer

A)  principle of size constancy. 
B)  oblique effect. 
C)  law of pragnanz. 
D)  law of good continuation. 
A)  principle of size constancy. 
B)  oblique effect. 
C)  law of pragnanz. 
D)  law of good continuation.

Question 17

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  what pathway. 
B)  where pathway. 
C)  landmark pathway. 
D)  action pathway. 
A)  what pathway. 
B)  where pathway. 
C)  landmark pathway. 
D)  action pathway.

Question 18

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your 	 lobe.

Accepted Answer

A)  frontal 
B)  temporal 
C)  parietal 
D)  occipital 
A)  frontal 
B)  temporal 
C)  parietal 
D)  occipital

Question 19

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object)and another object.Choosing the target object will result in a reward.What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Landmark discrimination problem 
B)  Dissociation task 
C)  Greeble recognition task 
D)  Object discrimination problem 
A)  Landmark discrimination problem 
B)  Dissociation task 
C)  Greeble recognition task 
D)  Object discrimination problem

Question 20

When people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object through stimulation of receptors.But they are also aided in identifying the object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and sits on grass.This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to influence the incoming signals.The latter information from the higher centers illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  feedback signals. 
B)  principles of componential recovery. 
C)  the law of good figure. 
D)  the oblique effect. 
A)  feedback signals. 
B)  principles of componential recovery. 
C)  the law of good figure. 
D)  the oblique effect.

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

Speech segmentation is defined as

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

The perception pathway corresponds to the pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the pathway.

A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions

A heuristic is a

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n)_ response to faces and an ___ response to Greebles.

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands.You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together.The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth.You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception.

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your lobe.

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object)and another object.Choosing the target object will result in a reward.What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 3: Perception

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

Speech segmentation is defined as

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

The perception pathway corresponds to the pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the pathway.

A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions

A heuristic is a

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n)_______ response to faces and an _________ response to Greebles.

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands.You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together.The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth.You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception.

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your lobe.

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object)and another object.Choosing the target object will result in a reward.What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Attention

Short-Term and Working Memory

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n)_ response to faces and an ___ response to Greebles.