Question 1

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

Accepted Answer

A)  permanently stored. 
B)  manipulated. 
C)  forgotten. 
D)  perceived. 
A)  permanently stored. 
B)  manipulated. 
C)  forgotten. 
D)  perceived. B

Question 2

Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards.They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed.The significance of this finding was that

Accepted Answer

A)  experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. 
B)  knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. 
C)  expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. 
D)  chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. 
A)  experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. 
B)  knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. 
C)  expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. 
D)  chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. D

Question 3

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD)after various delays.They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds.They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  interference; decay 
B)  priming; interference 
C)  decay; interference 
D)  decay; lack of rehearsal 
A)  interference; decay 
B)  priming; interference 
C)  decay; interference 
D)  decay; lack of rehearsal C

Question 4

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces memory span. 
B)  interferes with semantic coding. 
C)  reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. 
D)  eliminates the word-length effect. 
A)  reduces memory span. 
B)  interferes with semantic coding. 
C)  reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. 
D)  eliminates the word-length effect.

Question 5

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

Accepted Answer

A)  20% : 50 % : 70% correct 
B)  80% : 40% : 30% correct 
C)  30 % : 30% : 30% correct 
D)  70% : 40% : 60% correct 
A)  20% : 50 % : 70% correct 
B)  80% : 40% : 30% correct 
C)  30 % : 30% : 30% correct 
D)  70% : 40% : 60% correct

Question 6

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

Accepted Answer

A)  meaningful units. 
B)  digits. 
C)  words. 
D)  sentences. 
A)  meaningful units. 
B)  digits. 
C)  words. 
D)  sentences.

Question 7

The primary effect of chunking is to

Accepted Answer

A)  maximize the recency effect. 
B)  increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. 
C)  develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. 
D)  stretch the capacity of STM. 
A)  maximize the recency effect. 
B)  increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. 
C)  develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. 
D)  stretch the capacity of STM.

Question 8

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

Accepted Answer

A)  one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. 
B)  both are handled by the sketch pad. 
C)  both are handled by the phonological loop. 
D)  both b and c are correct 
A)  one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. 
B)  both are handled by the sketch pad. 
C)  both are handled by the phonological loop. 
D)  both b and c are correct

Question 9

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Accepted Answer

A)  Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen 
B)  Trying to remember a map of the area 
C)  Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned 
D)  Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit 
A)  Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen 
B)  Trying to remember a map of the area 
C)  Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned 
D)  Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

Question 10

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light.This occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)  the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. 
B)  due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out. 
C)  the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second. 
D)  Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds. 
A)  the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. 
B)  due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out. 
C)  the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second. 
D)  Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

Question 11

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task.These neurons showed the most intense firing during

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus presentation. 
B)  delay. 
C)  response. 
D)  All of these. 
A)  stimulus presentation. 
B)  delay. 
C)  response. 
D)  All of these.

Question 12

Shanta has frontal lobe damage.She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices.She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect.Shanta is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory memory. 
B)  decay. 
C)  perseveration. 
D)  the central executive. 
A)  sensory memory. 
B)  decay. 
C)  perseveration. 
D)  the central executive.

Question 13

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as

Accepted Answer

A)  keeping daily appointments on their schedules. 
B)  learning material for exams. 
C)  remembering names and phone numbers. 
D)  labeling familiar objects. 
A)  keeping daily appointments on their schedules. 
B)  learning material for exams. 
C)  remembering names and phone numbers. 
D)  labeling familiar objects.

Question 14

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

Accepted Answer

A)  saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. 
B)  saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. 
C)  talking makes the longer words seem even longer. 
D)  elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM. 
A)  saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. 
B)  saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. 
C)  talking makes the longer words seem even longer. 
D)  elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.

Question 15

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results.Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Accepted Answer

A)  Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory 
B)  Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer 
C)  Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory 
D)  Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory 
A)  Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory 
B)  Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer 
C)  Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory 
D)  Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

Question 16

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  poor sensory 
B)  poor short-term 
C)  normal sensory 
D)  normal short-term 
A)  poor sensory 
B)  poor short-term 
C)  normal sensory 
D)  normal short-term

Question 17

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

Accepted Answer

A)  BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY 
B)  SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG 
C)  MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP 
D)  PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN 
A)  BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY 
B)  SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG 
C)  MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP 
D)  PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

Question 18

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that

Accepted Answer

A)  chess masters outperform novices in all conditions. 
B)  chess masters have developed better memory skills than novices. 
C)  novices do better because they are not distracted by irrelevant knowledge about previous chess games. 
D)  chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements. 
A)  chess masters outperform novices in all conditions. 
B)  chess masters have developed better memory skills than novices. 
C)  novices do better because they are not distracted by irrelevant knowledge about previous chess games. 
D)  chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

Question 19

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

Accepted Answer

A)  a fraction of a second. 
B)  15-20 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  5-7 minutes. 
A)  a fraction of a second. 
B)  15-20 seconds. 
C)  1-3 minutes. 
D)  5-7 minutes.

Question 20

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad 
B)  The central executive and long-term memory 
C)  The central executive and the phonological loop 
D)  The phonological loop and long-term memory 
A)  The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad 
B)  The central executive and long-term memory 
C)  The central executive and the phonological loop 
D)  The phonological loop and long-term memory

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

The primary effect of chunking is to

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light.This occurs because

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task.These neurons showed the most intense firing during

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results.Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 5: Short-Term and Working Memory

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

The primary effect of chunking is to

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light.This occurs because

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task.These neurons showed the most intense firing during

According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results.Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory?

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Neuroscience

Perception

Attention

Long-Term Memory--Structure

Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval

Everyday Memory and Memory Errors

Knowledge

Visual Imagery

Language

Problem Solving

Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters