Question 1

The infectious dose

Accepted Answer

A) is the same for all microorganisms. 
B) may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C) is expressed as ID50. 
D) is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
E) is expressed as ID50 AND is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
A) is the same for all microorganisms. 
B) may be 10-100 cells for Salmonella. 
C) is expressed as ID50. 
D) is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection. 
E) is expressed as ID50 AND is defined as the number of microbes necessary to ensure infection.

Question 2

Bacteria that resist killing by complement proteins are termed

Accepted Answer

A) carriers. 
B) serum resistant. 
C) balanced pathogens. 
D) mutualistic. 
E) carriers AND serum resistant. 
A) carriers. 
B) serum resistant. 
C) balanced pathogens. 
D) mutualistic. 
E) carriers AND serum resistant.

Question 3

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community with their environment is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) group. 
B) cluster. 
C) ecosystem. 
D) network. 
A) group. 
B) cluster. 
C) ecosystem. 
D) network.

Question 4

If a disease affects only a human and not an animal,then it would be difficult to fulfill Koch's postulate number

Accepted Answer

A) 1. 
B) 2. 
C) 3. 
D) 4. 
A) 1. 
B) 2. 
C) 3. 
D) 4.

Question 5

A more modern equivalent to Koch's Postulates is termed

Accepted Answer

A) Pasteur's Systematics. 
B) Hoch's Postulates. 
C) Atomic Theory. 
D) Protein Theory. 
E) Molecular Postulates. 
A) Pasteur's Systematics. 
B) Hoch's Postulates. 
C) Atomic Theory. 
D) Protein Theory. 
E) Molecular Postulates.

Question 6

Which of the following may be considered virulence factor(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) Edhesins 
B) Capsules 
C) Endotoxins 
D) Proteases 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) Edhesins 
B) Capsules 
C) Endotoxins 
D) Proteases 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Which is true about superantigens?

Accepted Answer

A) They are a type of exotoxin. 
B) They bind to MHC class II antigen on T cells. 
C) They enhance specific antibody production. 
D) They are processed intracellularly. 
E) They are a type of exotoxin AND they bind to MHC class II antigen on T cells. 
A) They are a type of exotoxin. 
B) They bind to MHC class II antigen on T cells. 
C) They enhance specific antibody production. 
D) They are processed intracellularly. 
E) They are a type of exotoxin AND they bind to MHC class II antigen on T cells.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why diseases caused by opportunists are becoming more frequent in the U.S.population?

Accepted Answer

A) HIV individuals (with impaired immune systems)survive longer due to more effective therapies-but this allows them a longer period of time to be infected by opportunists. 
B) Individuals in the United States are living longer than ever before-but they're living with a number of chronic health issues that can impair the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections. 
C) Cancer treatments have improved significantly in the last 30 years-but they often suppress the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections in such individuals. 
D) Travel into and out of the United States has increased significantly.This has the potential to bring in many new pathogens that can cause new infections,even in otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individuals. 
A) HIV individuals (with impaired immune systems)survive longer due to more effective therapies-but this allows them a longer period of time to be infected by opportunists. 
B) Individuals in the United States are living longer than ever before-but they're living with a number of chronic health issues that can impair the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections. 
C) Cancer treatments have improved significantly in the last 30 years-but they often suppress the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections in such individuals. 
D) Travel into and out of the United States has increased significantly.This has the potential to bring in many new pathogens that can cause new infections,even in otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individuals.

Question 9

The microorganisms that are occasionally found in or on the body are called

Accepted Answer

A) abnormal microbiota. 
B) transient microbiota. 
C) variant microbiota. 
D) normal microbiota. 
A) abnormal microbiota. 
B) transient microbiota. 
C) variant microbiota. 
D) normal microbiota.

Question 10

The most successful parasites are the ones that live in harmony with their hosts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Organisms that are found together and interact on a more or less permanent basis are in a relationship termed

Accepted Answer

A) mutualism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) symbiosis. 
D) transient microbiota. 
A) mutualism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) symbiosis. 
D) transient microbiota.

Question 12

The infectious dose of most pathogens is about equal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the role normal microbiota plays in maintaining host health?

Accepted Answer

A) They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B) They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C) They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D) They stimulate the immune system. 
E) All of the choices are true. 
A) They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B) They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C) They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D) They stimulate the immune system. 
E) All of the choices are true.

Question 14

Why is it a good strategy for a microbe to adhere to a receptor that plays a critical function for a host cell?

Accepted Answer

A) It ISN'T a good strategy-host cells could shift to a backup receptor and shut down production of the main receptor,preventing infection. 
B) If it's a receptor the cell MUST use,it doesn't have a backup system in place to switch to-so,even though it makes it susceptible to infection,it HAS to put that target out there.This benefits the microbe. 
C) Microbes need to evade detection and elimination by the immune system-if they adhere to a receptor that plays a critical function,they are less likely to trigger destructive immune responses.This would be similar to using a hostage as a shield in a police-standoff situation. 
D) It ISN'T a good strategy-by binding to receptors,microbes will be phagocytosed by cells and destroyed within them. 
A) It ISN'T a good strategy-host cells could shift to a backup receptor and shut down production of the main receptor,preventing infection. 
B) If it's a receptor the cell MUST use,it doesn't have a backup system in place to switch to-so,even though it makes it susceptible to infection,it HAS to put that target out there.This benefits the microbe. 
C) Microbes need to evade detection and elimination by the immune system-if they adhere to a receptor that plays a critical function,they are less likely to trigger destructive immune responses.This would be similar to using a hostage as a shield in a police-standoff situation. 
D) It ISN'T a good strategy-by binding to receptors,microbes will be phagocytosed by cells and destroyed within them.

Question 15

The first step in the establishment of infection is that the organism must

Accepted Answer

A) invade host tissues. 
B) attach to host cells. 
C) evade phagocytes. 
D) produce toxins. 
A) invade host tissues. 
B) attach to host cells. 
C) evade phagocytes. 
D) produce toxins.

Question 16

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever,headache,fatigue,runny nose).Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Accepted Answer

A) They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules,so they all trigger the same responses. 
B) The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response,NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves.Our responses against viruses are fairly similar,regardless of virus type,so the symptoms are similar. 
C) Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above.Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D) Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes.As such,the virally induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells)being infected in each area. 
A) They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules,so they all trigger the same responses. 
B) The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response,NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves.Our responses against viruses are fairly similar,regardless of virus type,so the symptoms are similar. 
C) Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above.Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D) Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes.As such,the virally induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells)being infected in each area.

Question 17

Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus

Accepted Answer

A) invade host cells. 
B) produce a toxin. 
C) cause ergot poisoning. 
D) are delivered via flea bites. 
E) invade host cells AND produce a toxin. 
A) invade host cells. 
B) produce a toxin. 
C) cause ergot poisoning. 
D) are delivered via flea bites. 
E) invade host cells AND produce a toxin.

Question 18

The symbiotic relationship wherein both partners benefit is termed

Accepted Answer

A) commensalism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) independence. 
D) mutualism. 
A) commensalism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) independence. 
D) mutualism.

Question 19

C5a peptidase

Accepted Answer

A) is a virulence factor. 
B) synthesizes C5a. 
C) is produced by the host cell in response to infection. 
D) is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
E) is a virulence factor AND is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
A) is a virulence factor. 
B) synthesizes C5a. 
C) is produced by the host cell in response to infection. 
D) is a molecule promoting chemotaxis. 
E) is a virulence factor AND is a molecule promoting chemotaxis.

Question 20

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body,yet do no apparent harm are called

Accepted Answer

A) abnormal microbiota. 
B) transient microbiota. 
C) variant microbiota. 
D) normal microbiota. 
A) abnormal microbiota. 
B) transient microbiota. 
C) variant microbiota. 
D) normal microbiota.

Exam 16: Host-Microbe Interactions

The infectious dose

Bacteria that resist killing by complement proteins are termed

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community with their environment is called a(n)

If a disease affects only a human and not an animal,then it would be difficult to fulfill Koch's postulate number

A more modern equivalent to Koch's Postulates is termed

Which of the following may be considered virulence factor(s)?

Which is true about superantigens?

Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why diseases caused by opportunists are becoming more frequent in the U.S.population?

The microorganisms that are occasionally found in or on the body are called

The most successful parasites are the ones that live in harmony with their hosts.

Organisms that are found together and interact on a more or less permanent basis are in a relationship termed

The infectious dose of most pathogens is about equal.

Which of the following is true about the role normal microbiota plays in maintaining host health?

Why is it a good strategy for a microbe to adhere to a receptor that plays a critical function for a host cell?

The first step in the establishment of infection is that the organism must

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever,headache,fatigue,runny nose).Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus

The symbiotic relationship wherein both partners benefit is termed

C5a peptidase

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body,yet do no apparent harm are called

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

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