Question 1

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256,the titer is

Accepted Answer

A) 128. 
B) 1/512. 
C) 1/256. 
D) 256. 
A) 128. 
B) 1/512. 
C) 1/256. 
D) 256. D

Question 2

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

Accepted Answer

A) Polio 
B) Measles 
C) Hepatitis B 
D) Pertussis 
A) Polio 
B) Measles 
C) Hepatitis B 
D) Pertussis D

Question 3

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

Accepted Answer

A) Pasteur. 
B) Jenner. 
C) Metchnikoff. 
D) Fleming. 
A) Pasteur. 
B) Jenner. 
C) Metchnikoff. 
D) Fleming. B

Question 4

DNA vaccines are dangerous due to the possibility of the DNA causing reversion in the inactivated pathogen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Accepted Answer

A) direct fluorescent antibody tests. 
B) indirect ELISA. 
C) Western blot. 
D) indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E) indirect ELISA,Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
A) direct fluorescent antibody tests. 
B) indirect ELISA. 
C) Western blot. 
D) indirect fluorescent antibody tests. 
E) indirect ELISA,Western blot AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Question 6

Herd immunity

Accepted Answer

A) only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C) only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D) is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
A) only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. 
B) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. 
C) only provides protection to those that are already immune. 
D) is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. 
E) occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

Question 7

The change from negative serum,without antibodies specific to an infecting agent,to positive serum,containing antibodies against that infecting agent,is called

Accepted Answer

A) ELISA. 
B) complement fixation. 
C) seroconversion. 
D) serum reversion. 
A) ELISA. 
B) complement fixation. 
C) seroconversion. 
D) serum reversion.

Question 8

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A) This is actually a disadvantage-it's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit (single antigen)vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
B) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response)of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
C) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL,cell-mediated)side of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody)AND cell-mediated (T cell)portions of the adaptive immune response,giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available. 
A) This is actually a disadvantage-it's much more dangerous to use an attenuated agent over a subunit (single antigen)vaccine due to the possibility of reversion of the microbe to a pathogenic state. 
B) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the antibody production (humoral response)of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
C) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates ONLY the cytotoxic T cell (CTL,cell-mediated)side of the adaptive immune system.This provides the best and strongest long-term protection. 
D) An attenuated agent strongly stimulates both the humoral (antibody)AND cell-mediated (T cell)portions of the adaptive immune response,giving the best comprehensive long-term protection available.

Question 9

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Accepted Answer

A) the result of infection. 
B) self-made. 
C) IgM. 
D) the result of passive immunity. 
A) the result of infection. 
B) self-made. 
C) IgM. 
D) the result of passive immunity.

Question 10

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

Accepted Answer

A) It isn't-both are equally dangerous/significant.False-positives in PEOPLE can lead to psychological trauma,but false-positives in BLOOD could lead to the useful blood being disposed. 
B) A false-positive in a PERSON is easily retestable.This makes it more significant,because we would simply quickly retest the person to verify their actual HIV status. 
C) A false-positive in BLOOD is easily retestable.This makes it less significant,because we would simply quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status. 
D) This statement is backwards-false-positives in blood testing are more significant.If the false-positive rate is high and we don't realize it,we're more likely to dispose useful blood.This could lead to acute shortages of blood for patients who need transfusions. 
A) It isn't-both are equally dangerous/significant.False-positives in PEOPLE can lead to psychological trauma,but false-positives in BLOOD could lead to the useful blood being disposed. 
B) A false-positive in a PERSON is easily retestable.This makes it more significant,because we would simply quickly retest the person to verify their actual HIV status. 
C) A false-positive in BLOOD is easily retestable.This makes it less significant,because we would simply quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status. 
D) This statement is backwards-false-positives in blood testing are more significant.If the false-positive rate is high and we don't realize it,we're more likely to dispose useful blood.This could lead to acute shortages of blood for patients who need transfusions.

Question 11

Alum is an adjuvant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Accepted Answer

A) Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B) diphtheria. 
C) herpes simplex type I. 
D) polio. 
E) diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I. 
A) Haemophilus influenza type b. 
B) diphtheria. 
C) herpes simplex type I. 
D) polio. 
E) diphtheria AND herpes simplex type I.

Question 13

Attenuated agents

Accepted Answer

A) may induce immunity after a single dose. 
B) may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. 
C) multiply in the body. 
D) may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains. 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) may induce immunity after a single dose. 
B) may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. 
C) multiply in the body. 
D) may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains. 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Whole agent vaccines may contain

Accepted Answer

A) viruses. 
B) bacteria. 
C) toxins. 
D) polysaccharides. 
E) viruses AND bacteria. 
A) viruses. 
B) bacteria. 
C) toxins. 
D) polysaccharides. 
E) viruses AND bacteria.

Question 15

An immune complex is defined as

Accepted Answer

A) antigen combined with antigen. 
B) antigen combined with antibody. 
C) antibody combined with antibody. 
D) complement combined with LPS. 
A) antigen combined with antigen. 
B) antigen combined with antibody. 
C) antibody combined with antibody. 
D) complement combined with LPS.

Question 16

Serological tests are most often conducted in

Accepted Answer

A) test tubes. 
B) flasks. 
C) microtiter plates. 
D) graduated cylinders. 
A) test tubes. 
B) flasks. 
C) microtiter plates. 
D) graduated cylinders.

Question 17

The Salk vaccine

Accepted Answer

A) contains live attenuated virus. 
B) contains inactivated virus. 
C) contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D) occasionally causes disease. 
A) contains live attenuated virus. 
B) contains inactivated virus. 
C) contains a portion of the polio virus. 
D) occasionally causes disease.

Question 18

The most common adjuvant is

Accepted Answer

A) ethanol. 
B) formalin. 
C) alum. 
D) aluminum. 
E) alum AND aluminum. 
A) ethanol. 
B) formalin. 
C) alum. 
D) aluminum. 
E) alum AND aluminum.

Question 19

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Accepted Answer

A) hemagglutination tests. 
B) complement fixation tests. 
C) immunodiffusion tests. 
D) ELISA tests. 
A) hemagglutination tests. 
B) complement fixation tests. 
C) immunodiffusion tests. 
D) ELISA tests.

Question 20

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 18: Applications of Immune Responses

If a positive reaction is last observed at a dilution of 1:256,the titer is

For which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended?

The scientist who made variolation safer and more effective was

DNA vaccines are dangerous due to the possibility of the DNA causing reversion in the inactivated pathogen.

Anti-human-gamma-globulin antiserum is often used in

Herd immunity

The change from negative serum,without antibodies specific to an infecting agent,to positive serum,containing antibodies against that infecting agent,is called

What would be a primary advantage of using an attenuated agent rather than just an antigen from that agent for a vaccine?

Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are

Why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions?

Alum is an adjuvant.

Toxoids are used in vaccines against

Attenuated agents

Whole agent vaccines may contain

An immune complex is defined as

Serological tests are most often conducted in

The Salk vaccine

The most common adjuvant is

Precipitation reactions carried out in agarose are called

Active immunity develops only after a natural infection and not after vaccination.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

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