Question 1

In 1970 Stanier proposed that classification be based on

Accepted Answer

A) evolution. 
B) Gram stain. 
C) physiology. 
D) DNA sequence. 
A) evolution. 
B) Gram stain. 
C) physiology. 
D) DNA sequence.

Question 2

In the 1930s Kluyver and van Niel proposed a classification scheme based on

Accepted Answer

A) Gram reactions. 
B) biochemical relationships. 
C) presumed evolutionary relationships. 
D) DNA sequences. 
A) Gram reactions. 
B) biochemical relationships. 
C) presumed evolutionary relationships. 
D) DNA sequences.

Question 3

Horizontal DNA transfer may make it more difficult to construct phylogenetic trees.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The ticks of a genetic clock are measured by the

Accepted Answer

A) number of random mutations. 
B) number of dead cells. 
C) amount of RNA. 
D) amount of DNA. 
A) number of random mutations. 
B) number of dead cells. 
C) amount of RNA. 
D) amount of DNA.

Question 5

Phylogenetic relationships between prokaryotes are most accurately determined using

Accepted Answer

A) phenotypic characterizations. 
B) genotypic information. 
C) the fossil record. 
D) carbon dating. 
E) phenotypic characterizations AND genotypic information. 
A) phenotypic characterizations. 
B) genotypic information. 
C) the fossil record. 
D) carbon dating. 
E) phenotypic characterizations AND genotypic information.

Question 6

When DNA probes are used to identify bacterial DNA similarities by hybridization,the probe DNA is heated and the template DNA is treated to separate the two strands.Why would the probe DNA be heated?

Accepted Answer

A) This is the only way to properly label the probe DNA. 
B) The probe may contain portions that are double-stranded.Heating it up breaks any possible hydrogen bonds that may have formed allowing the single-stranded sequences to hybridize with their complementary targets. 
C) Heating it up activates the tag on the probe DNA before it hybridizes to the bacterial template DNA. 
D) DNA hybridization can only take place at high temperatures,so all the DNA must be heated up prior to hybridization. 
A) This is the only way to properly label the probe DNA. 
B) The probe may contain portions that are double-stranded.Heating it up breaks any possible hydrogen bonds that may have formed allowing the single-stranded sequences to hybridize with their complementary targets. 
C) Heating it up activates the tag on the probe DNA before it hybridizes to the bacterial template DNA. 
D) DNA hybridization can only take place at high temperatures,so all the DNA must be heated up prior to hybridization.

Question 7

Organisms that grow very slowly,are non-curable,are present in very small numbers,or are mixed with a number of other bacteria may still be identified using

Accepted Answer

A) Southern blotting. 
B) replica plating. 
C) PCR. 
D) gas chromatography of fatty acids. 
A) Southern blotting. 
B) replica plating. 
C) PCR. 
D) gas chromatography of fatty acids.

Question 8

Woese

Accepted Answer

A) was involved in determining rRNA sequences. 
B) proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups. 
C) proposed breaking eukaryotes into Domains Archaea and Bacteria. 
D) was involved in refining the Gram stain for classification purposes. 
E) was involved in determining rRNA sequences AND proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups. 
A) was involved in determining rRNA sequences. 
B) proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups. 
C) proposed breaking eukaryotes into Domains Archaea and Bacteria. 
D) was involved in refining the Gram stain for classification purposes. 
E) was involved in determining rRNA sequences AND proposed breaking prokaryotes into two groups.

Question 9

If the GC content of two organisms is 45% in both,

Accepted Answer

A) they are definitely related. 
B) they are definitely not related. 
C) they may or may not be related. 
D) the AT content is 65%. 
E) they are definitely related AND the AT content is 65%. 
A) they are definitely related. 
B) they are definitely not related. 
C) they may or may not be related. 
D) the AT content is 65%. 
E) they are definitely related AND the AT content is 65%.

Question 10

If each of two bacteria have a %GC of 50%,this means that they are both definitely closely related.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Strain differences are helpful in

Accepted Answer

A) replica plating. 
B) electrophoresis. 
C) transformation. 
D) transduction. 
E) tracing the source of outbreaks of disease. 
A) replica plating. 
B) electrophoresis. 
C) transformation. 
D) transduction. 
E) tracing the source of outbreaks of disease.

Question 12

Serratia marcescens are red when incubated at 37$\circ$C.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

APITM,EnterotubeTM,and VitekTM are all

Accepted Answer

A) methods for extracting DNA from bacteria. 
B) used to measure gas production. 
C) commercially available methods used to identify bacteria. 
D) used to show the presence of bacteria in a sample. 
A) methods for extracting DNA from bacteria. 
B) used to measure gas production. 
C) commercially available methods used to identify bacteria. 
D) used to show the presence of bacteria in a sample.

Question 14

An early attempt by Cohn at bacterial classification grouped bacteria according to their

Accepted Answer

A) biochemistry. 
B) Gram stain. 
C) shape. 
D) arrangement. 
A) biochemistry. 
B) Gram stain. 
C) shape. 
D) arrangement.

Question 15

The three domain systems consist of Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Fatty acid analysis

Accepted Answer

A) can be used to identify Gram-negative bacteria. 
B) can be used to identify Gram-positive bacteria. 
C) uses gas chromatography to analyze fatty acid methyl esters. 
D) requires that cells be grown under standardized conditions. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) can be used to identify Gram-negative bacteria. 
B) can be used to identify Gram-positive bacteria. 
C) uses gas chromatography to analyze fatty acid methyl esters. 
D) requires that cells be grown under standardized conditions. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 17

All known species of bacteria are described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Disagreements between conclusions obtained from rDNA data and other techniques may be explained by

Accepted Answer

A) horizontal DNA transfer. 
B) vertical DNA transfer. 
C) the difference in translation machinery. 
D) vertical RNA transfer. 
A) horizontal DNA transfer. 
B) vertical DNA transfer. 
C) the difference in translation machinery. 
D) vertical RNA transfer.

Question 19

A sample must contain many microorganisms in order to see any using microscopy techniques.Why?

Accepted Answer

A) The area on a microscope slide is very large compared to the relative size of microbes,and you take a very small amount of your sample to place on the slide surface.Therefore,you must have a large number of microbes initially in the culture to increase the chances that you'll come across one or more when looking at the slide surface through the magnifying lenses of the microscope. 
B) Bacteria are very small,of course.If you don't have a LOT of them,how are you going to see them? 
C) This is false-microscopy allows us to magnify a specimen to the point where we would be able to visualize even just a few microbes on the surface of the slide.As such,even if there are only a few microbes in a sample,we could easily visualize them with a microscope. 
D) Microscopes only magnify what's on the slide.If you don't have a lot of microbes on the slide surface,you can't magnify the specimen enough to see them as individual cells. 
A) The area on a microscope slide is very large compared to the relative size of microbes,and you take a very small amount of your sample to place on the slide surface.Therefore,you must have a large number of microbes initially in the culture to increase the chances that you'll come across one or more when looking at the slide surface through the magnifying lenses of the microscope. 
B) Bacteria are very small,of course.If you don't have a LOT of them,how are you going to see them? 
C) This is false-microscopy allows us to magnify a specimen to the point where we would be able to visualize even just a few microbes on the surface of the slide.As such,even if there are only a few microbes in a sample,we could easily visualize them with a microscope. 
D) Microscopes only magnify what's on the slide.If you don't have a lot of microbes on the slide surface,you can't magnify the specimen enough to see them as individual cells.

Question 20

The reference for taxonomic descriptions of bacteria is

Accepted Answer

A) Gray's Anatomy. 
B) Websters Manual of Taxonomic Bacteriology. 
C) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 
D) Bacteriology. 
A) Gray's Anatomy. 
B) Websters Manual of Taxonomic Bacteriology. 
C) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 
D) Bacteriology.

Exam 10: Identification and Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms

In 1970 Stanier proposed that classification be based on

In the 1930s Kluyver and van Niel proposed a classification scheme based on

Horizontal DNA transfer may make it more difficult to construct phylogenetic trees.

The ticks of a genetic clock are measured by the

Phylogenetic relationships between prokaryotes are most accurately determined using

When DNA probes are used to identify bacterial DNA similarities by hybridization,the probe DNA is heated and the template DNA is treated to separate the two strands.Why would the probe DNA be heated?

Organisms that grow very slowly,are non-curable,are present in very small numbers,or are mixed with a number of other bacteria may still be identified using

Woese

If the GC content of two organisms is 45% in both,

If each of two bacteria have a %GC of 50%,this means that they are both definitely closely related.

Strain differences are helpful in

Serratia marcescens are red when incubated at 37 ∘\circ∘ C.

APITM,EnterotubeTM,and VitekTM are all

An early attempt by Cohn at bacterial classification grouped bacteria according to their

The three domain systems consist of Archaea,Bacteria,and Eukarya.

Fatty acid analysis

All known species of bacteria are described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

Disagreements between conclusions obtained from rDNA data and other techniques may be explained by

A sample must contain many microorganisms in order to see any using microscopy techniques.Why?

The reference for taxonomic descriptions of bacteria is

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Filters

Serratia marcescens are red when incubated at 37^$\circ$C.

API^TM,Enterotube^TM,and Vitek^TM are all