Question 1

The endospore stain

Accepted Answer

A) is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria. 
B) usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells. 
C) uses crystal violet as the primary stain. 
D) is an example of a negative stain. 
E) is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria AND usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells. 
A) is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria. 
B) usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells. 
C) uses crystal violet as the primary stain. 
D) is an example of a negative stain. 
E) is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria AND usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells.

Question 2

The capsule

Accepted Answer

A) may be used for protection. 
B) may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 
C) may be involved in movement. 
D) may be involved in energy production. 
E) may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 
A) may be used for protection. 
B) may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 
C) may be involved in movement. 
D) may be involved in energy production. 
E) may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces.

Question 3

If everything else is equal,the best way to observe more details in a microscopic specimen is to

Accepted Answer

A) increase resolution. 
B) increase magnification. 
A) increase resolution. 
B) increase magnification.

Question 4

Eukaryotic cells

Accepted Answer

A) are more obviously compartmentalized than prokaryotes. 
B) usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA. 
C) contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall. 
D) have the same size ribosomes as prokaryotes. 
E) usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA AND contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall. 
A) are more obviously compartmentalized than prokaryotes. 
B) usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA. 
C) contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall. 
D) have the same size ribosomes as prokaryotes. 
E) usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA AND contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

Question 5

Specimens can be observed at the atomic level using a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) scanning electron microscope. 
B) transmission electron microscope. 
C) atomic force microscope. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices is correct. 
A) scanning electron microscope. 
B) transmission electron microscope. 
C) atomic force microscope. 
D) All of the choices are correct. 
E) None of the choices is correct.

Question 6

The nucleus

Accepted Answer

A) is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
B) is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
C) is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
D) cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier. 
A) is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
B) is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
C) is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
D) cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier.

Question 7

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Accepted Answer

A) phase contrast microscope. 
B) scanning electron microscope. 
C) dark-field microscope. 
D) atomic force microscope. 
A) phase contrast microscope. 
B) scanning electron microscope. 
C) dark-field microscope. 
D) atomic force microscope.

Question 8

Endospores are involved in bacterial reproduction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A new drug is developed thatinhibits formation of the flagellar filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin.Is this going to be a good drug?

Accepted Answer

A) Potentially-it would definitely only impair bacteria,but wouldn't matter for the ones that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B) Potentially-if it could be shown that it also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C) No-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body,and this would impair that function. 
D) No-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules,not the protein flagellin.This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria. 
A) Potentially-it would definitely only impair bacteria,but wouldn't matter for the ones that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B) Potentially-if it could be shown that it also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C) No-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body,and this would impair that function. 
D) No-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules,not the protein flagellin.This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria.

Question 10

Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall?

Accepted Answer

A) Treponema pallidum 
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C) Staphylococcus aureus 
D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
A) Treponema pallidum 
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
C) Staphylococcus aureus 
D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 11

An electron microscope must use electromagnet 'lenses'shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen.Why aren't they solid,like the lenses in a light microscope?

Accepted Answer

A) A magnetic field cannot be applied across a completely solid object-there must be an opening within the object for the field to be applied through. 
B) The user has to be able to physically look through the magnets to focus the beam of electrons onto the specimen,since the metal of the magnets is opaque.Without a hole in the middle,the user wouldn't be able to see! 
C) The electrons would destroy the electromagnet material unless there was a physical hole for them to travel through on their way to the specimen. 
D) Electrons are particles,and particles cannot travel through a solid item.The hole in the middle allows them to travel from the source of the electrons to the specimen. 
A) A magnetic field cannot be applied across a completely solid object-there must be an opening within the object for the field to be applied through. 
B) The user has to be able to physically look through the magnets to focus the beam of electrons onto the specimen,since the metal of the magnets is opaque.Without a hole in the middle,the user wouldn't be able to see! 
C) The electrons would destroy the electromagnet material unless there was a physical hole for them to travel through on their way to the specimen. 
D) Electrons are particles,and particles cannot travel through a solid item.The hole in the middle allows them to travel from the source of the electrons to the specimen.

Question 12

An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes,compared to eukaryotes,is

Accepted Answer

A) high surface area relative to low cell volume. 
B) more rapid growth rates. 
C) compartmentalization of cellular processes in membrane-bound organelles. 
D) predators,parasites,and competitors constantly surround them. 
E) high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates. 
A) high surface area relative to low cell volume. 
B) more rapid growth rates. 
C) compartmentalization of cellular processes in membrane-bound organelles. 
D) predators,parasites,and competitors constantly surround them. 
E) high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates.

Question 13

The order of reagents in the Gram stain reaction are

Accepted Answer

A) safranin,alcohol,methylene blue,iodine. 
B) crystal violet,iodine,alcohol,safranin. 
C) methylene blue,alcohol,safranin. 
D) crystal violet,alcohol,iodine,safranin. 
A) safranin,alcohol,methylene blue,iodine. 
B) crystal violet,iodine,alcohol,safranin. 
C) methylene blue,alcohol,safranin. 
D) crystal violet,alcohol,iodine,safranin.

Question 14

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A research lab is trying to produce new antibiotics.They come up with drugs that detach the hydrophilic heads from the phospholipids in plasma membranes.This drug

Accepted Answer

A) would be highly toxic and completely useless for human beings-we also have plasma membranes with hydrophilic head groups! 
B) would be highly toxic only to bacteria,making it an excellent drug to develop and test further.Humans have a different phospholipid structure in their cell plasma membranes than bacteria. 
C) would generally not be toxic enough to damage Gram-negative bacteria,as their plasma membranes lie under a thick layer of peptidoglycan. 
D) would be highly toxic for human beings,but might be useful as a topical antibiotic skin cream.The top layer of skin cells is dead anyway,so it wouldn't matter if this damaged those cells.It could NOT be taken internally,though,by human beings. 
A) would be highly toxic and completely useless for human beings-we also have plasma membranes with hydrophilic head groups! 
B) would be highly toxic only to bacteria,making it an excellent drug to develop and test further.Humans have a different phospholipid structure in their cell plasma membranes than bacteria. 
C) would generally not be toxic enough to damage Gram-negative bacteria,as their plasma membranes lie under a thick layer of peptidoglycan. 
D) would be highly toxic for human beings,but might be useful as a topical antibiotic skin cream.The top layer of skin cells is dead anyway,so it wouldn't matter if this damaged those cells.It could NOT be taken internally,though,by human beings.

Question 17

A new drug is developed that targets and binds to the lipid A portion of LPS from Gram-negative bacterial cells.This drug shows a high degree of activity and binding in a test tube setting against purified lipid A.Based on this information,

Accepted Answer

A) we should fast track this drug and get it out to physicians immediately to help prevent toxic/septic shock in humans. 
B) we should do some animal testing with whole Gram-negative cells and the drug before we jump to any conclusions. 
C) we should next proceed by moving to testing in a test tube using whole Gram-negative cells to see if it binds with the same strength. 
D) we should abandon the drug entirely.Binding to lipid A won't kill the bacteria,so the drug is useless to develop further.It wouldn't help humans who have septic shock at all. 
A) we should fast track this drug and get it out to physicians immediately to help prevent toxic/septic shock in humans. 
B) we should do some animal testing with whole Gram-negative cells and the drug before we jump to any conclusions. 
C) we should next proceed by moving to testing in a test tube using whole Gram-negative cells to see if it binds with the same strength. 
D) we should abandon the drug entirely.Binding to lipid A won't kill the bacteria,so the drug is useless to develop further.It wouldn't help humans who have septic shock at all.

Question 18

Which of the following stains is/are considered differential?

Accepted Answer

A) Capsule stain. 
B) Flagella stain. 
C) Acid-fast stain. 
D) Gram stain. 
E) Acid-fast stain AND Gram stain. 
A) Capsule stain. 
B) Flagella stain. 
C) Acid-fast stain. 
D) Gram stain. 
E) Acid-fast stain AND Gram stain.

Question 19

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies.However,when animal studies are begun,it's noted that it also inhibits growth of animal cells.Aren't prokaryotic ribosomes different from eukaryotic ribosomes? How can this be happening?

Accepted Answer

A) Perhaps the ribosomes aren't as different as we thought,so a drug can affect and impair both of them. 
B) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are,indeed,produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome,mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are,indeed,produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome,mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D) Perhaps the scientists accidently combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate an impairment in growth in the culture.In reality,it's still just impairing the bacterial cells. 
A) Perhaps the ribosomes aren't as different as we thought,so a drug can affect and impair both of them. 
B) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are,indeed,produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome,mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are,indeed,produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome,mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D) Perhaps the scientists accidently combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate an impairment in growth in the culture.In reality,it's still just impairing the bacterial cells.

Question 20

The acid-fast stain

Accepted Answer

A) reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms,including Mycobacterium. 
C) uses crystal violet and safranin. 
D) uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
E) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms,including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
A) reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms,including Mycobacterium. 
C) uses crystal violet and safranin. 
D) uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
E) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms,including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue.

Exam 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure

The endospore stain

The capsule

If everything else is equal,the best way to observe more details in a microscopic specimen is to

Eukaryotic cells

Specimens can be observed at the atomic level using a(n)

The nucleus

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Endospores are involved in bacterial reproduction.

A new drug is developed thatinhibits formation of the flagellar filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin.Is this going to be a good drug?

Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall?

An electron microscope must use electromagnet 'lenses'shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen.Why aren't they solid,like the lenses in a light microscope?

An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes,compared to eukaryotes,is

The order of reagents in the Gram stain reaction are

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.

A research lab is trying to produce new antibiotics.They come up with drugs that detach the hydrophilic heads from the phospholipids in plasma membranes.This drug

A new drug is developed that targets and binds to the lipid A portion of LPS from Gram-negative bacterial cells.This drug shows a high degree of activity and binding in a test tube setting against purified lipid A.Based on this information,

Which of the following stains is/are considered differential?

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies.However,when animal studies are begun,it's noted that it also inhibits growth of animal cells.Aren't prokaryotic ribosomes different from eukaryotic ribosomes? How can this be happening?

The acid-fast stain

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Filters