Question 1

Describe a network model that can account for the phenomenon of negative patterning.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Discuss the

Question 2

Explain why a distributed representation provides a better account of the generalization gradient than a discrete component representation does.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Describe the problem w

Question 3

Lesions to the hippocampus lead to:

Accepted Answer

A) impaired performance on sensory preconditioning tasks but not on acquired equivalence tasks. 
B) impaired performance on acquired equivalence tasks but not on sensory preconditioning tasks. 
C) impaired performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks. 
D) normal performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks. 
A) impaired performance on sensory preconditioning tasks but not on acquired equivalence tasks. 
B) impaired performance on acquired equivalence tasks but not on sensory preconditioning tasks. 
C) impaired performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks. 
D) normal performance on both acquired equivalence and sensory preconditioning tasks.

Question 4

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) acquired equivalence. 
B) sensory preconditioning. 
C) discrimination training. 
D) negative patterning. 
A) acquired equivalence. 
B) sensory preconditioning. 
C) discrimination training. 
D) negative patterning.

Question 5

If a tone and shock are repeatedly paired,neurons in A1:

Accepted Answer

A) reduce their responding to the tone. 
B) change their best frequency to correspond with that of the tone. 
C) do not change their response to the tone. 
D) reduce their response to tones of similar frequency. 
A) reduce their responding to the tone. 
B) change their best frequency to correspond with that of the tone. 
C) do not change their response to the tone. 
D) reduce their response to tones of similar frequency.

Question 6

The primary sensory cortices are involved in determining:

Accepted Answer

A) which stimuli deserve expanded cortical representation. 
B) what consequence has occurred following a response. 
C) what information has been received in other sensory modalities. 
D) what type of behavioral response should be made to a stimulus. 
A) which stimuli deserve expanded cortical representation. 
B) what consequence has occurred following a response. 
C) what information has been received in other sensory modalities. 
D) what type of behavioral response should be made to a stimulus.

Question 7

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:

Accepted Answer

A) observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients. 
B) organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient. 
C) organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients. 
D) observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient. 
A) observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients. 
B) organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient. 
C) organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients. 
D) observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient.

Question 8

If we train a discrete-component model to respond to a 1,000-Hz tone,how will it respond to a 900-Hz tone?

Accepted Answer

A) It will respond as strongly as it does to the 1,000-Hz tone. 
B) It will respond less strongly than it does to the 1,000-Hz tone. 
C) It will respond more strongly than it does to the 1000-Hz tone. 
D) It will not respond at all to the 1,000-Hz tone. 
A) It will respond as strongly as it does to the 1,000-Hz tone. 
B) It will respond less strongly than it does to the 1,000-Hz tone. 
C) It will respond more strongly than it does to the 1000-Hz tone. 
D) It will not respond at all to the 1,000-Hz tone.

Question 9

To enable a network to accomplish negative patterning,we can:

Accepted Answer

A) use combinatorial explosion. 
B) include consequential regions. 
C) include shared elements. 
D) use configural nodes. 
A) use combinatorial explosion. 
B) include consequential regions. 
C) include shared elements. 
D) use configural nodes.

Question 10

A distributed representation is one in which:

Accepted Answer

A) stimuli are represented by overlapping pools of nodes or stimulus elements. 
B) nodes or neurons responding to physically similar stimuli are near each other. 
C) a unique node is used to represent each individual stimulus feature. 
D) all of the nodes detect unique combinations of cues. 
A) stimuli are represented by overlapping pools of nodes or stimulus elements. 
B) nodes or neurons responding to physically similar stimuli are near each other. 
C) a unique node is used to represent each individual stimulus feature. 
D) all of the nodes detect unique combinations of cues.

Question 11

As a child,Hunter had a favorite pet,a black furry cat,that made him very happy.Based on the concept of a generalization gradient,which type of cat would be MOST likely to make Hunter happy now?

Accepted Answer

A) a dark grey cat 
B) a yellow cat 
C) a white cat 
D) a calico cat 
A) a dark grey cat 
B) a yellow cat 
C) a white cat 
D) a calico cat

Question 12

The nucleus basalis:

Accepted Answer

A) provides information regarding whether consequences are good or bad. 
B) selects what information enters memory and how it is to be encoded by other brain regions. 
C) sends output to the cortex to enable cortical remapping. 
D) compresses redundant or unimportant information. 
A) provides information regarding whether consequences are good or bad. 
B) selects what information enters memory and how it is to be encoded by other brain regions. 
C) sends output to the cortex to enable cortical remapping. 
D) compresses redundant or unimportant information.

Question 13

Which of the following is seen in people with schizophrenia?

Accepted Answer

A) increased activity in the hippocampus 
B) smaller volume of the hippocampus 
C) normal shape of the hippocampus 
D) over-generalization of learned associations 
A) increased activity in the hippocampus 
B) smaller volume of the hippocampus 
C) normal shape of the hippocampus 
D) over-generalization of learned associations

Question 14

Describe an example of generalization in your everyday life.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Example must

Question 15

Blough (1975)used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:

Accepted Answer

A) gradually decreased as the wavelength of the light increased. 
B) gradually increased as the wavelength of the light increased. 
C) was lowest just above 597nm and highest just below 597nm. 
D) was highest just above 597nm and lowest just below 597nm. 
A) gradually decreased as the wavelength of the light increased. 
B) gradually increased as the wavelength of the light increased. 
C) was lowest just above 597nm and highest just below 597nm. 
D) was highest just above 597nm and lowest just below 597nm.

Question 16

Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs,regardless of their size or color.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) negative patterning. 
B) acquired equivalence. 
C) generalization. 
D) discrimination. 
A) negative patterning. 
B) acquired equivalence. 
C) generalization. 
D) discrimination.

Question 17

Compared to the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given,the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:

Accepted Answer

A) shallower. 
B) steeper. 
C) the same. 
D) shallower or steeper,depending on the stimulus. 
A) shallower. 
B) steeper. 
C) the same. 
D) shallower or steeper,depending on the stimulus.

Question 18

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:

Accepted Answer

A) negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to no response to the compound stimulus. 
B) negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus. 
C) weight of 0,leading to no response to the compound stimulus. 
D) weight of 0,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus. 
A) negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to no response to the compound stimulus. 
B) negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus. 
C) weight of 0,leading to no response to the compound stimulus. 
D) weight of 0,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus.

Question 19

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) acquired equivalence. 
B) sensory preconditioning. 
C) discrimination training. 
D) negative patterning. 
A) acquired equivalence. 
B) sensory preconditioning. 
C) discrimination training. 
D) negative patterning.

Question 20

The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are_____ ,while two very different stimuli are ______.

Accepted Answer

A) expected to produce similar consequences;expected to produce different consequences 
B) expected to produce different consequences;expected to produce similar consequences 
C) difficult to tell apart;easy to tell apart 
D) easy to tell apart;difficult to tell apart 
A) expected to produce similar consequences;expected to produce different consequences 
B) expected to produce different consequences;expected to produce similar consequences 
C) difficult to tell apart;easy to tell apart 
D) easy to tell apart;difficult to tell apart

Describe a network model that can account for the phenomenon of negative patterning.

Explain why a distributed representation provides a better account of the generalization gradient than a discrete component representation does.

Lesions to the hippocampus lead to:

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:

If a tone and shock are repeatedly paired,neurons in A1:

The primary sensory cortices are involved in determining:

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:

If we train a discrete-component model to respond to a 1,000-Hz tone,how will it respond to a 900-Hz tone?

To enable a network to accomplish negative patterning,we can:

A distributed representation is one in which:

As a child,Hunter had a favorite pet,a black furry cat,that made him very happy.Based on the concept of a generalization gradient,which type of cat would be MOST likely to make Hunter happy now?

The nucleus basalis:

Which of the following is seen in people with schizophrenia?

Describe an example of generalization in your everyday life.

Blough (1975)used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:

Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs,regardless of their size or color.This is an example of:

Compared to the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given,the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:

The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are_ ,while two very different stimuli are __.

The Psychology of Learning and Memory

The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events

Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Important Events

Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for Facts and Events

Skill Memory: Learning by Doing

Working Memory and Cognitive Control

Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory

Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning

Describe a network model that can account for the phenomenon of negative patterning.

Explain why a distributed representation provides a better account of the generalization gradient than a discrete component representation does.

Lesions to the hippocampus lead to:

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:

If a tone and shock are repeatedly paired,neurons in A1:

The primary sensory cortices are involved in determining:

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:

If we train a discrete-component model to respond to a 1,000-Hz tone,how will it respond to a 900-Hz tone?

To enable a network to accomplish negative patterning,we can:

A distributed representation is one in which:

As a child,Hunter had a favorite pet,a black furry cat,that made him very happy.Based on the concept of a generalization gradient,which type of cat would be MOST likely to make Hunter happy now?

The nucleus basalis:

Which of the following is seen in people with schizophrenia?

Describe an example of generalization in your everyday life.

Blough (1975)used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:

Lucy was bitten by a small white dog and now she has a fear of all dogs,regardless of their size or color.This is an example of:

Compared to the generalization gradient that is observed when no discrimination training is given,the generalization gradient that is observed after discrimination training is:

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:

The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are_____ ,while two very different stimuli are ______.

The Psychology of Learning and Memory

The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory

Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events

Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict Important Events

Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for Facts and Events

Skill Memory: Learning by Doing

Working Memory and Cognitive Control

Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory

Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Development and Aging: Learning and Memory Across the Lifespan

Filters

The shape of generalization gradients shows that two very similar stimuli are_ ,while two very different stimuli are __.