Question 1

An advantage of a multiple-treatment within-subjects design compared to a two-treatment design is

Accepted Answer

A) there is a reduced risk of participant attrition. 
B) there is a reduced risk that time-related factors will influence the data. 
C) it is easier to counterbalance a design with several treatments. 
D) it is more likely to reveal the full relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. 
A) there is a reduced risk of participant attrition. 
B) there is a reduced risk that time-related factors will influence the data. 
C) it is easier to counterbalance a design with several treatments. 
D) it is more likely to reveal the full relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. D

Question 2

Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) 4 
B) 8 
C) 16 
D) 24 
A) 4 
B) 8 
C) 16 
D) 24

Question 6

Give an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers.

Accepted Answer

Order effects occur when experience in o

Question 7

Counterbalancing is used in

Accepted Answer

A) between-subjects designs to reduce individual differences. 
B) within-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions. 
C) between-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions. 
D) within-subjects designs to reduce the effects of reactivity. 
A) between-subjects designs to reduce individual differences. 
B) within-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions. 
C) between-subjects designs to distribute order effects evenly across the treatment conditions. 
D) within-subjects designs to reduce the effects of reactivity.

Question 8

Describe the process of counterbalancing and explain how this process reduces the risk of problems from order effects.

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing involves having differe

Question 9

Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants move through the series of treatments in different orders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The larger the number of treatment conditions,the easier it is to completely counterbalance them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Just as random assignment is routinely used to protect the internal validity of between-subjects research,counterbalancing is routinely used to protect the internal validity of within-subjects research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

How many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment?

Accepted Answer

A) 20 
B) 60 
C) 120 
D) cannot answer without more information. 
A) 20 
B) 60 
C) 120 
D) cannot answer without more information.

Question 13

A researcher is conducting an experiment comparing three treatment conditions.If the researcher uses a between-subjects design,there will be _____ score(s)for each participant but if a within-subjects design is used there will be ____ score(s)for each participant.

Accepted Answer

A) 1,1 
B) 1,3 
C) 3,1 
D) 3,3 
A) 1,1 
B) 1,3 
C) 3,1 
D) 3,3

Question 14

For a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments,a researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments.One way to reduce the likelihood that scores will be influenced by an outside event is

Accepted Answer

A) to switch to a between-subjects design. 
B) to decrease the amount of time between the two treatments. 
C) to counterbalance the order of treatments. 
D) all of the other options are methods to reduce the effect of an outside event. 
A) to switch to a between-subjects design. 
B) to decrease the amount of time between the two treatments. 
C) to counterbalance the order of treatments. 
D) all of the other options are methods to reduce the effect of an outside event.

Question 15

The appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design that compares two treatment conditions is

Accepted Answer

A) an independent-measures t test. 
B) a repeated-measures t test. 
C) a multi-group single-factor analysis of variance. 
D) a chi-square test for independence. 
A) an independent-measures t test. 
B) a repeated-measures t test. 
C) a multi-group single-factor analysis of variance. 
D) a chi-square test for independence.

Question 16

For a within-subjects experiment,one of the primary threats to internal validity is

Accepted Answer

A) individual differences that may exist within treatment conditions. 
B) individual differences that may exist between treatment conditions. 
C)  the risk that participation in one treatment condition may influence scores in other treatment conditions. 
D)  the risk that one (or more)of the treatment conditions will have no influence on the participants' scores. 
A) individual differences that may exist within treatment conditions. 
B) individual differences that may exist between treatment conditions. 
C)  the risk that participation in one treatment condition may influence scores in other treatment conditions. 
D)  the risk that one (or more)of the treatment conditions will have no influence on the participants' scores.

Question 17

In a within-subjects research study,factors that change over time,such as history and maturation,can be threats to

Accepted Answer

A) internal validity. 
B) external validity. 
C) both internal and external validity. 
D) neither internal nor external validity. 
A) internal validity. 
B) external validity. 
C) both internal and external validity. 
D) neither internal nor external validity.

Question 18

For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment,which design would require fewer subjects?

Accepted Answer

A) between-subjects 
B) within-subjects 
C) matched-subjects 
D) all would require the same number of subjects. 
A) between-subjects 
B) within-subjects 
C) matched-subjects 
D) all would require the same number of subjects.

Question 19

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

An advantage of a multiple-treatment within-subjects design compared to a two-treatment design is

Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment.

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions?

Give an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers.

Counterbalancing is used in

Describe the process of counterbalancing and explain how this process reduces the risk of problems from order effects.

Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants move through the series of treatments in different orders.

The larger the number of treatment conditions,the easier it is to completely counterbalance them.

Just as random assignment is routinely used to protect the internal validity of between-subjects research,counterbalancing is routinely used to protect the internal validity of within-subjects research.

How many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment?

A researcher is conducting an experiment comparing three treatment conditions.If the researcher uses a between-subjects design,there will be _ score(s)for each participant but if a within-subjects design is used there will be score(s)for each participant.

For a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments,a researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments.One way to reduce the likelihood that scores will be influenced by an outside event is

The appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design that compares two treatment conditions is

For a within-subjects experiment,one of the primary threats to internal validity is

In a within-subjects research study,factors that change over time,such as history and maturation,can be threats to

For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment,which design would require fewer subjects?

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

Filters

Exam 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design

An advantage of a multiple-treatment within-subjects design compared to a two-treatment design is

Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment.

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

How many groups of participants would be needed to partially counterbalance four treatment conditions?

Give an example of order effects in a within-subjects research study and explain why order effects are a concern for researchers.

Counterbalancing is used in

Describe the process of counterbalancing and explain how this process reduces the risk of problems from order effects.

Counterbalancing involves having different groups of participants move through the series of treatments in different orders.

The larger the number of treatment conditions,the easier it is to completely counterbalance them.

Just as random assignment is routinely used to protect the internal validity of between-subjects research,counterbalancing is routinely used to protect the internal validity of within-subjects research.

How many participants would be needed for a matched-subjects design comparing three different treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment?

A researcher is conducting an experiment comparing three treatment conditions.If the researcher uses a between-subjects design,there will be _____ score(s)for each participant but if a within-subjects design is used there will be ____ score(s)for each participant.

For a within-subjects experiment comparing two treatments,a researcher is concerned that the results may be confounded by outside events that occur between the first and second treatments.One way to reduce the likelihood that scores will be influenced by an outside event is

The appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design that compares two treatment conditions is

For a within-subjects experiment,one of the primary threats to internal validity is

In a within-subjects research study,factors that change over time,such as history and maturation,can be threats to

For an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment,which design would require fewer subjects?

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.

Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method

Research Ideas

Defining and Measuring Variables

Ethics in Research

Selecting Research Participants

Research Strategies and Validity

The Experimental Research Strategy

Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design

The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs

Factorial Designs

The Correlational Research Strategy

Descriptive Research Strategy

Single-Subject Research Designs

Statistical Evaluation of Data

Writing a Research Report

Filters

A researcher is conducting an experiment comparing three treatment conditions.If the researcher uses a between-subjects design,there will be _ score(s)for each participant but if a within-subjects design is used there will be score(s)for each participant.