Exam 2: Theories of Development

The gradual elimination of a behaviour through repeated non-reinforcement is called extinction.

The belief in one's own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as

Marvin is pestering his mother for an advance on his allowance, whining for 10 minutes saying things like, "Please, Mom, can't I have my allowance early? Please? Oh, come on, Mom, I need it now. Mom!" His mother ignores Marvin's pleas for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Anything to stop your whining." If in the future the boy engages in more whining to get what he wants, and the mother gives in even more easily, then according to the principles of the learning theory, Marvin has been ________ and the mother has been ________.

The toddler who screams angrily when she is denied candy is being controlled by her ego.

Developmentalists who study children's cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an information-processing perspective would agree upon all of the following observations about children's cognitive development EXCEPT that

_______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle, brain, and bone in the human body.

Sarah boasts to her best friend that she does not have a smoking problem because she only considers herself to be a social smoker. What defence mechanism is Sarah displaying?

The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes.

Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________.

If Gregory says "doggie" to describe a horse, a cow, and an elephant, then he has not yet learned the Piagetian process of how to accommodate.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides a comprehensive explanation for how children acquire emotional responses such as fear or comfort.

The aspect of our personality that demands to be satisfied in pleasurable ways is the

A parent tries to help a child learn how to read by sounding out new words. This is an example of scaffolding.

Albert Bandua's social learning theory suggests that people are passive receptors of learning based on observation and modelling.

Alexia, Sasha, and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father. Alexia has wavy hair, Sasha has medium coils, and Derek has tight curls. The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance.

Piaget's idea of equilibration is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create _________ that fit the environment.

Holism, the view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, is a core principle of _______ theory.

Piaget believed that in the process of ________, children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments.

Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development?

Seven-year-old Elena is developing her math skills. She can add and subtract single-digit math problems (7 + 3 = 10), and with assistance from her mother, she works double digit problems (12 + 10 = 22). Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena's