Question 1

Describe the processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval.Define each of these processes and discuss the complexity of the interactions among them.

Accepted Answer

This is an overview of memory processes

Question 2

In research that is described in the textbook,participants tried to learn lists of letters under two conditions.In one condition,each pair of letters was separated by two digits that had to be read.In the other condition,the first pair had four digits and the last pair had zero digits.What did the researchers discover?

Accepted Answer

A) poorer memory for the early items on the list when those items had been made more separate. 
B) better memory for the items on the list with proportional spacing. 
C) that the recency effect arose because the last few items were not very distinctive. 
D) that making items distinctive made little difference in the performance of the participants. 
A) poorer memory for the early items on the list when those items had been made more separate. 
B) better memory for the items on the list with proportional spacing. 
C) that the recency effect arose because the last few items were not very distinctive. 
D) that making items distinctive made little difference in the performance of the participants.

Question 3

What is the definition of memory?

Accepted Answer

A) the capacity to visualize. 
B) the capacity to feel and emote. 
C) the capacity to perceive events. 
D) the capacity to encode,store,and retrieve information. 
A) the capacity to visualize. 
B) the capacity to feel and emote. 
C) the capacity to perceive events. 
D) the capacity to encode,store,and retrieve information.

Question 4

The last time Bev and Sue were in the city,they had a great meal,but now neither of them can remember the restaurant's name.Sue is looking at on-line restaurant listings in the hope that seeing the name will jog her memory.Which term best captures this approach to remembering?

Accepted Answer

A) recall 
B) recognition 
C) word identification 
D) word stem completion 
A) recall 
B) recognition 
C) word identification 
D) word stem completion

Question 5

When does retroactive interference occur?

Accepted Answer

A) When previously acquired information makes it more difficult to acquire new information. 
B) When the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information. 
C) When retrieval cues are phonologically based. 
D) When information does not move from short-term memory to long-term memory. 
A) When previously acquired information makes it more difficult to acquire new information. 
B) When the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information. 
C) When retrieval cues are phonologically based. 
D) When information does not move from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 6

A professor describes a graph that plots how often words from various positions in a list were recalled.What topic is the professor most likely discussing?

Accepted Answer

A) procedural memory. 
B) encoding specificity. 
C) the serial position effect. 
D) flashbulb memories. 
A) procedural memory. 
B) encoding specificity. 
C) the serial position effect. 
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 7

What is one difficulty with the levels-of-processing theory?

Accepted Answer

A) there is uncertainty as to how processing information at different levels is related to memory. 
B) very little research has validated the levels-of-processing approach. 
C) there is uncertainty as to what constitutes "deep" and "shallow" processing. 
D) the levels-of-processing theory has very little practical value in the real world. 
A) there is uncertainty as to how processing information at different levels is related to memory. 
B) very little research has validated the levels-of-processing approach. 
C) there is uncertainty as to what constitutes "deep" and "shallow" processing. 
D) the levels-of-processing theory has very little practical value in the real world.

Question 8

Strategies or devices that use familiar information during encoding of new information to enhance retrieval are called .

Accepted Answer

The answer of Strategies or devices that use familiar information...

Question 9

A study described in the textbook outlined how memory processes unfold over time.In this study,a team of researchers asked participants to retrieve autobiographical memories while undergoing fMRI scans.What did the researchers discover?

Accepted Answer

A) the same brain areas that are most active during encoding are most active during retrieval. 
B) as elaboration takes place,areas responsible for encoding become increasingly more active than those for retrieval. 
C) early in the process,before participants elaborated their memories,the hippocampus was active. 
D) acetylcholine levels increased as the degree of elaboration increased. 
A) the same brain areas that are most active during encoding are most active during retrieval. 
B) as elaboration takes place,areas responsible for encoding become increasingly more active than those for retrieval. 
C) early in the process,before participants elaborated their memories,the hippocampus was active. 
D) acetylcholine levels increased as the degree of elaboration increased.

Question 10

How is working memory best characterized?

Accepted Answer

A) A biological process occurring in the brain. 
B) A physical area within the cerebral cortex. 
C) A conduit for information coming from and going to long-term memory. 
D) A mechanism that operates apart from short- and long-term memory. 
A) A biological process occurring in the brain. 
B) A physical area within the cerebral cortex. 
C) A conduit for information coming from and going to long-term memory. 
D) A mechanism that operates apart from short- and long-term memory.

Question 11

The textbook describes the case of Nick A.,a patient who was tragically injured by a fencing foil.What is one interesting aspect of his memory deficit?

Accepted Answer

A) he has no recall of the actual cause of his injury. 
B) his injury has resulted in Korsakoff's syndrome. 
C) his procedural memory is intact,though declarative knowledge is absent. 
D) He is amnesic for his sense of self,alone. 
A) he has no recall of the actual cause of his injury. 
B) his injury has resulted in Korsakoff's syndrome. 
C) his procedural memory is intact,though declarative knowledge is absent. 
D) He is amnesic for his sense of self,alone.

Question 12

Alex and Jacob are thinking of all the words that rhyme with 'pat'.According to Baddeley,which component of working memory would they be using to accomplish this task?

Accepted Answer

A) the central executive. 
B) a visuospatial sketchpad. 
C) a phonological loop. 
D) procedural memory. 
A) the central executive. 
B) a visuospatial sketchpad. 
C) a phonological loop. 
D) procedural memory.

Question 13

Peter is writing his Introductory Psychology midterm and is struggling to find the correct answer in his mind.Which process of memory is eluding Peter?

Accepted Answer

A) consolidation 
B) encoding 
C) retrieval 
D) storage 
A) consolidation 
B) encoding 
C) retrieval 
D) storage

Question 14

What factor most likely contributed to Lashley's inability to determine the location of the memory trace?

Accepted Answer

A) he focussed primarily on the cortex. 
B) even simple situations involve a variety of types of memory. 
C) he was using rats as participants rather than humans. 
D) he chose to study a very simple measure of learning. 
A) he focussed primarily on the cortex. 
B) even simple situations involve a variety of types of memory. 
C) he was using rats as participants rather than humans. 
D) he chose to study a very simple measure of learning.

Question 15

How are primacy and recency effects best explained?

Accepted Answer

A) as a function of motivation. 
B) as a function of distinctiveness. 
C) as a function of attention. 
D) as a function of proportionality. 
A) as a function of motivation. 
B) as a function of distinctiveness. 
C) as a function of attention. 
D) as a function of proportionality.

Question 16

Students at Northwestern University studied many of Ebbinghaus's original lists in an attempt to replicate his studies of memory.After many trials with many lists,what did the students discover?

Accepted Answer

A) an effect opposite to that found by Ebbinghaus. 
B) no effect of interference,probably due to improved learning techniques. 
C) proactive interference that was similar to that experienced by Ebbinghaus. 
D) that actual words began to look like nonsense syllables. 
A) an effect opposite to that found by Ebbinghaus. 
B) no effect of interference,probably due to improved learning techniques. 
C) proactive interference that was similar to that experienced by Ebbinghaus. 
D) that actual words began to look like nonsense syllables.

Question 17

The physical memory trace for information in the brain is known as the engram.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

When Sperling conducted his classic research on sensory memory,he found that participants using the partial-report method demonstrated better recall than participants using the whole-report recall method.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Pete's roommate is looking in the fridge and calling out to Pete the things he will need to buy at the grocery store.Although the list of items Pete hears is coming at him pretty fast,he notices that he still has a brief ability to hear the last word said.What type of memory is being described?

Accepted Answer

A) procedural 
B) iconic 
C) echoic 
D) flashbulb 
A) procedural 
B) iconic 
C) echoic 
D) flashbulb

Question 20

A student is taking a history test.One of the questions asks for the name of the founder of the American Red Cross.She is sure that she knows the name,but cannot retrieve it from memory.Which memory strategy would be most useful?

Accepted Answer

A) Use the alphabet as a cue. 
B) Try to remember the context in which she learned the name. 
C) Move on to the next item on the test and return to this one later. 
D) Follow her instincts and write the first name that comes to mind. 
A) Use the alphabet as a cue. 
B) Try to remember the context in which she learned the name. 
C) Move on to the next item on the test and return to this one later. 
D) Follow her instincts and write the first name that comes to mind.

Exam 8: A: Memory

Describe the processes of encoding,storage,and retrieval.Define each of these processes and discuss the complexity of the interactions among them.

What is the definition of memory?

The last time Bev and Sue were in the city,they had a great meal,but now neither of them can remember the restaurant's name.Sue is looking at on-line restaurant listings in the hope that seeing the name will jog her memory.Which term best captures this approach to remembering?

When does retroactive interference occur?

A professor describes a graph that plots how often words from various positions in a list were recalled.What topic is the professor most likely discussing?

What is one difficulty with the levels-of-processing theory?

Strategies or devices that use familiar information during encoding of new information to enhance retrieval are called .

A study described in the textbook outlined how memory processes unfold over time.In this study,a team of researchers asked participants to retrieve autobiographical memories while undergoing fMRI scans.What did the researchers discover?

How is working memory best characterized?

The textbook describes the case of Nick A.,a patient who was tragically injured by a fencing foil.What is one interesting aspect of his memory deficit?

Alex and Jacob are thinking of all the words that rhyme with 'pat'.According to Baddeley,which component of working memory would they be using to accomplish this task?

Peter is writing his Introductory Psychology midterm and is struggling to find the correct answer in his mind.Which process of memory is eluding Peter?

What factor most likely contributed to Lashley's inability to determine the location of the memory trace?

How are primacy and recency effects best explained?

Students at Northwestern University studied many of Ebbinghaus's original lists in an attempt to replicate his studies of memory.After many trials with many lists,what did the students discover?

The physical memory trace for information in the brain is known as the engram.

When Sperling conducted his classic research on sensory memory,he found that participants using the partial-report method demonstrated better recall than participants using the whole-report recall method.

Pete's roommate is looking in the fridge and calling out to Pete the things he will need to buy at the grocery store.Although the list of items Pete hears is coming at him pretty fast,he notices that he still has a brief ability to hear the last word said.What type of memory is being described?

A student is taking a history test.One of the questions asks for the name of the founder of the American Red Cross.She is sure that she knows the name,but cannot retrieve it from memory.Which memory strategy would be most useful?

Psychology and Life

A: Psychology and Life

Research Methods in Psychology

A: Research Methods in Psychology

The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Evolutionary Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: the Biological Bases of Behaviour

Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

A: Sensation and Perception

Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Memory

A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

Cognitive Processes

Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

A: Cognitive Processes

Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Motivation

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

Emotion,stress,and Health

A: Emotion,stress,and Health

Understanding Human Personality

A: Understanding Human Personality

Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological Disorders

Social Psychology

A: Social Psychology

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