Question 1

What must a neutral stimulus be to become an effective CS?

Accepted Answer

A) contingent and informative. 
B) contiguous and novel. 
C) noncontingent and familiar. 
D) contiguous and informative. 
A) contingent and informative. 
B) contiguous and novel. 
C) noncontingent and familiar. 
D) contiguous and informative. A

Question 2

A research assistant is observing one of Pavlov's early experiments on classical conditioning.After a dog is placed in a harness,what is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

A) A tone will be presented,and then a bell will ring. 
B) If the dog makes an orienting response,he will be given some food. 
C) A tone will be presented,and the dog will be given some food. 
D) If the dog barks,he will be given an electric shock. 
A) A tone will be presented,and then a bell will ring. 
B) If the dog makes an orienting response,he will be given some food. 
C) A tone will be presented,and the dog will be given some food. 
D) If the dog barks,he will be given an electric shock. C

Question 3

According to psychologists,learning is a process that can take place in one way only.What is it?

Accepted Answer

A) through trial and error 
B) through positive and negative consequences 
C) through classical conditioning 
D) through experience 
A) through trial and error 
B) through positive and negative consequences 
C) through classical conditioning 
D) through experience D

Question 4

Suppose you were a trainer at the circus and you had to train a tiger to jump through a hoop of fire.Outline the steps you would take to teach this behaviour.

Accepted Answer

This would be accomplished with shaping

Question 5

A boy is sent to his room and is not allowed to watch television with the rest of the family until he can do so without yelling and jumping in the living room.When he returns to the living room,he sits down quietly.What does the boy's change in behaviour illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) positive punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) negative punishment. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) positive punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 6

What occurs during trace conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) the CS is turned off before the UCS is presented. 
B) both the CS and the UCS are presented at the same time. 
C) the UCS is turned off before the CS is presented. 
D) both the CS and the CR are presented at the same time. 
A) the CS is turned off before the UCS is presented. 
B) both the CS and the UCS are presented at the same time. 
C) the UCS is turned off before the CS is presented. 
D) both the CS and the CR are presented at the same time.

Question 7

A teacher sends a student out of the classroom because she is disturbing the other children.The teacher tells the student that she will be allowed to return to the classroom in fifteen minutes and that she is expected to be quiet when she returns.When the student returns,she is even more disruptive.What can be concluded?

Accepted Answer

A) The teacher has used punishment as a way to control the student's behaviour. 
B) The student's behaviour is an example of positive punishment. 
C) The student's behaviour is an example of negative punishment. 
D) The student's misbehaviour was reinforced. 
A) The teacher has used punishment as a way to control the student's behaviour. 
B) The student's behaviour is an example of positive punishment. 
C) The student's behaviour is an example of negative punishment. 
D) The student's misbehaviour was reinforced.

Question 8

Research by Albert Bandura and others has demonstrated that children who watch violent television programs are less likely to engage in aggressive behaviour as adults.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which CS-UCS time interval is most effective?

Accepted Answer

A) The shorter the interval the better. 
B) The longer the interval the better. 
C) The optimal interval primarily depends upon the person who is being conditioned. 
D) The optimal interval primarily depends upon the response being conditioned. 
A) The shorter the interval the better. 
B) The longer the interval the better. 
C) The optimal interval primarily depends upon the person who is being conditioned. 
D) The optimal interval primarily depends upon the response being conditioned.

Question 10

In a study described in the textbook,what was discovered about the relationship between harsh punishments and aggression in children?

Accepted Answer

A) very few of the parents used physical punishment with their children. 
B) nearly all of the parents hit their children with fists or closed hands. 
C) the less intense the force used by the parents,the less cooperative the child. 
D) the more children were spanked early in life,the more they showed an increase in aggressive behaviours as they grew older. 
A) very few of the parents used physical punishment with their children. 
B) nearly all of the parents hit their children with fists or closed hands. 
C) the less intense the force used by the parents,the less cooperative the child. 
D) the more children were spanked early in life,the more they showed an increase in aggressive behaviours as they grew older.

Question 11

A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school.During summer break her fear of going to school decreases and she is eager to go back.However,the first day back to school her fear returns once again.Which term best reflects the reappearance of her fear?

Accepted Answer

A) savings. 
B) extinction. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) spontaneous recovery. 
A) savings. 
B) extinction. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 12

Unlike most other instances of classical conditioning,what can be said about taste aversion?

Accepted Answer

A) It requires many CS-UCS pairings. 
B) It is easy to extinguish. 
C) It does not involve a CS-UCS association. 
D) It can be learned with a long delay between a CS and an illness. 
A) It requires many CS-UCS pairings. 
B) It is easy to extinguish. 
C) It does not involve a CS-UCS association. 
D) It can be learned with a long delay between a CS and an illness.

Question 13

Taste-aversion learning may occur in one trial.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) food. 
B) water. 
C) sleep. 
D) money. 
A) food. 
B) water. 
C) sleep. 
D) money.

Question 15

Dr.Laval is studying the bird called "Clark's nutcracker".What is the most likely reason that Dr.Laval has chosen this type of bird to study?

Accepted Answer

A) Its ability to mimic the songs of other birds. 
B) Its use of reinforcement techniques when teaching its young. 
C) Its spatial memory. 
D) Its reasoning ability. 
A) Its ability to mimic the songs of other birds. 
B) Its use of reinforcement techniques when teaching its young. 
C) Its spatial memory. 
D) Its reasoning ability.

Question 16

On a fixed-interval schedule,a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A boy runs on an icy sidewalk,falls,and experiences pain.In the future,he no longer runs on icy sidewalks.In the context of operant conditioning,which term best characterizes the pain?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 18

In which form of conditioning is the CS presented after the UCS?

Accepted Answer

A) reverse 
B) backward 
C) delay 
D) trace 
A) reverse 
B) backward 
C) delay 
D) trace

Question 19

What did B.F.Skinner argue about all behaviours?

Accepted Answer

A) They are a function of an organism's internal mental states. 
B) They are genetically predetermined. 
C) They are simply forms of learning in response to environmental stimuli. 
D) They are the result of an interaction between motivation and personality. 
A) They are a function of an organism's internal mental states. 
B) They are genetically predetermined. 
C) They are simply forms of learning in response to environmental stimuli. 
D) They are the result of an interaction between motivation and personality.

Question 20

A woman is paid for every two bushels of fruit that she picks.What schedule of reinforcement is being applied?

Accepted Answer

A) variable-interval 
B) variable-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) fixed-ratio 
A) variable-interval 
B) variable-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) fixed-ratio

Exam 7: A: Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

What must a neutral stimulus be to become an effective CS?

A research assistant is observing one of Pavlov's early experiments on classical conditioning.After a dog is placed in a harness,what is most likely to happen?

According to psychologists,learning is a process that can take place in one way only.What is it?

Suppose you were a trainer at the circus and you had to train a tiger to jump through a hoop of fire.Outline the steps you would take to teach this behaviour.

A boy is sent to his room and is not allowed to watch television with the rest of the family until he can do so without yelling and jumping in the living room.When he returns to the living room,he sits down quietly.What does the boy's change in behaviour illustrate?

What occurs during trace conditioning?

Research by Albert Bandura and others has demonstrated that children who watch violent television programs are less likely to engage in aggressive behaviour as adults.

Which CS-UCS time interval is most effective?

In a study described in the textbook,what was discovered about the relationship between harsh punishments and aggression in children?

A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school.During summer break her fear of going to school decreases and she is eager to go back.However,the first day back to school her fear returns once again.Which term best reflects the reappearance of her fear?

Unlike most other instances of classical conditioning,what can be said about taste aversion?

Taste-aversion learning may occur in one trial.

Which reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer?

Dr.Laval is studying the bird called "Clark's nutcracker".What is the most likely reason that Dr.Laval has chosen this type of bird to study?

On a fixed-interval schedule,a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time.

A boy runs on an icy sidewalk,falls,and experiences pain.In the future,he no longer runs on icy sidewalks.In the context of operant conditioning,which term best characterizes the pain?

In which form of conditioning is the CS presented after the UCS?

What did B.F.Skinner argue about all behaviours?

A woman is paid for every two bushels of fruit that she picks.What schedule of reinforcement is being applied?

Psychology and Life

A: Psychology and Life

Research Methods in Psychology

A: Research Methods in Psychology

The Biological Bases of Behaviour

A: Evolutionary Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: the Biological Bases of Behaviour

Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

A: Sensation and Perception

Learning and Bahaviour Analysis

A: Mind,consciousness,and Alternate States

Memory

Cognitive Processes

A: Memory

Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

A: Cognitive Processes

Human Development Across the Life Span

A: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

Motivation

A: Human Development Across the Life Span

Emotion,stress,and Health

A: Emotion,stress,and Health

Understanding Human Personality

A: Understanding Human Personality

Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological Disorders

Social Psychology

A: Social Psychology

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