Exam 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions. The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred. -Do these observations tell us anything regarding the question of whether GR1944 is capable of inducing physical dependence? Explain your reasoning.

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This doesn't tell us much about whether GR1944 could produce physical dependence because, although tolerance always precedes physical dependence, there are a variety of tolerance processes that are not linked to physical dependence.However, since the drug was only given once a day, and only for five days, and tolerance only occurred in one group, it is not likely that, at least with this dose and dosing interval and number of doses, physical dependence would result.But we don't know about whether higher doses, more frequent dosing, or more doses could induce physical dependence.Furthermore, we would have to see if any signs of abstinence, that were essentially opposite to the direct effects of the drug, would occur upon drug cessation.

Depending upon how frequently they are activated, neurotransmitter receptors generally have a "lifetime," i.e., the time between their synthesis, degradation, and replacement, somewhere around

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If two drugs exert the same pharmacodynamic actions but differ in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties, which of the drugs is likely to produce the most intense abstinence symptoms after chronic use? The drug with the

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Two groups of rats have a small pellet implanted under the skin.In Group A rats the pellet contains morphine, which is slowly absorbed over a 72 hour period.In Group B rats the pellet contains an inert substance.The rats are kept in their home cages for the three days after the pellet implantation.Both groups are then tested for analgesia by being injected intraperitoneally with a small dose of morphine.This test consists of the rats being placed on a hot surface and they are timed to see how long it takes them to lick their paws.(It is assumed that the longer it takes the rats to lick their paws, the more the analgesia.) Group A rats display much less of an analgesic response than Group B rats.Is this tolerance phenomenon more compatible with a pharmacodynamic or a context specific mechanism for tolerance development? Explain your reasoning.

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Question 4

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

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Question 5

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _(1).If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are (2)______.

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Question 6

Which type of tolerance is most directly dependent on factors such as frequency and amount of drug administered to the organism and is independent of the drug administration context?

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Question 7

Which of the following defense mechanisms prevents drug users from consciously recognizing that they are drug dependent?

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Question 8

Which type of context-specific process that results in drug tolerance does not depend on the development of compensatory responses for tolerance to occur?

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Question 9

Secondary psychological dependence is most likely to occur

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Question 10

The hypothesis that drug tolerance is due to the development of conditioned compensatory responses to a drug's effects would predict that, after complete tolerance has developed in one environmental context, the drug's effects would again be evidenced if the

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Question 11

Which of the following tolerance mechanisms is most influenced by the environment in which a drug is given?

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Question 12

Which brain system has research indicated to be most directly related to the abuse properties of virtually all recreational and abuse-prone drugs?

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Question 13

John Key has been injecting the drug Sopor to get “high” four to six times daily for a month. In addition to the euphoria experienced, the drug induces low blood pressure, low heart rate, pupillary constriction, and constipation. If John were to immediately stop taking Sopor, what might the abstinence syndrome look like and what would be its likely time course (described in terms of duration and intensity)?

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Question 14

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors

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Question 15

Which neurotransmitters have been most directly linked to the primary reward and dependence inducing properties of drugs?

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Question 16

The waning (decrease in probability and magnitude) of a response to an initially novel stimulus after the person is exposed to the same stimulus on several occasions is termed

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Question 17

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?

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Question 18

Cue exposure therapy is designed to

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Question 19

Which of the following statements is most valid?

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Question 20

Showing 1 - 20 of 52

Depending upon how frequently they are activated, neurotransmitter receptors generally have a "lifetime," i.e., the time between their synthesis, degradation, and replacement, somewhere around

If two drugs exert the same pharmacodynamic actions but differ in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties, which of the drugs is likely to produce the most intense abstinence symptoms after chronic use? The drug with the

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _(1).If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are (2)______.

Which type of tolerance is most directly dependent on factors such as frequency and amount of drug administered to the organism and is independent of the drug administration context?

Which of the following defense mechanisms prevents drug users from consciously recognizing that they are drug dependent?

Which type of context-specific process that results in drug tolerance does not depend on the development of compensatory responses for tolerance to occur?

Secondary psychological dependence is most likely to occur

The hypothesis that drug tolerance is due to the development of conditioned compensatory responses to a drug's effects would predict that, after complete tolerance has developed in one environmental context, the drug's effects would again be evidenced if the

Which of the following tolerance mechanisms is most influenced by the environment in which a drug is given?

Which brain system has research indicated to be most directly related to the abuse properties of virtually all recreational and abuse-prone drugs?

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors

Which neurotransmitters have been most directly linked to the primary reward and dependence inducing properties of drugs?

The waning (decrease in probability and magnitude) of a response to an initially novel stimulus after the person is exposed to the same stimulus on several occasions is termed

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?

Cue exposure therapy is designed to

Which of the following statements is most valid?

Psychopharmacology in Perspective

Drug Classification and Behavioral Assessment

Basic Principles of Pharmacology

Excitability and Chemical Signaling in Nerve Cells

Synaptic Transmission, Drugs, and Chemical Neuroanatomy

Psychomotor Stimulants and Antiparkinsonian Drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs and Neurochemical Hypotheses of Schizophrenia

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Sedative-Hypnotics, Anxiolytics, and Anticonvulsants

Drug Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction

Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Opiates and Their Antagonists

Dissociative Anesthetics

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Exam 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

Depending upon how frequently they are activated, neurotransmitter receptors generally have a "lifetime," i.e., the time between their synthesis, degradation, and replacement, somewhere around

If two drugs exert the same pharmacodynamic actions but differ in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties, which of the drugs is likely to produce the most intense abstinence symptoms after chronic use? The drug with the

What is a pharmacological reason for receptor "down-regulation"?

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _______(1)____________.If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are ______(2)__________.

Which type of tolerance is most directly dependent on factors such as frequency and amount of drug administered to the organism and is independent of the drug administration context?

Which of the following defense mechanisms prevents drug users from consciously recognizing that they are drug dependent?

Which type of context-specific process that results in drug tolerance does not depend on the development of compensatory responses for tolerance to occur?

Secondary psychological dependence is most likely to occur

The hypothesis that drug tolerance is due to the development of conditioned compensatory responses to a drug's effects would predict that, after complete tolerance has developed in one environmental context, the drug's effects would again be evidenced if the

Which of the following tolerance mechanisms is most influenced by the environment in which a drug is given?

Which brain system has research indicated to be most directly related to the abuse properties of virtually all recreational and abuse-prone drugs?

Greatly increased activation of postsynaptic receptors with drugs generally results in the receptors

Which neurotransmitters have been most directly linked to the primary reward and dependence inducing properties of drugs?

The waning (decrease in probability and magnitude) of a response to an initially novel stimulus after the person is exposed to the same stimulus on several occasions is termed

Under which conditions should one expect to find evidence for state dependent forgetting?

Cue exposure therapy is designed to

Which of the following statements is most valid?

Psychopharmacology in Perspective

Drug Classification and Behavioral Assessment

Basic Principles of Pharmacology

Excitability and Chemical Signaling in Nerve Cells

Synaptic Transmission, Drugs, and Chemical Neuroanatomy

Psychomotor Stimulants and Antiparkinsonian Drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs and Neurochemical Hypotheses of Schizophrenia

Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Sedative-Hypnotics, Anxiolytics, and Anticonvulsants

Drug Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction

Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Opiates and Their Antagonists

Dissociative Anesthetics

Filters

With the exception of nicotine, the first illegal drug for high school students presently in the U.S.is almost always _(1).If the user moves on to other drugs, the second illegal drug(s) generally is/are (2)______.