Exam 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

When individuals who consume alcohol regularly exhibit decreased sensitivity to other drugs with sedative-hypnotic properties,

Which single factor accounts for most of the variation in the liability to substance abuse?

Sally was so nervous about learning to drive that she took three Valium every time she took a driving lesson.After she learned to drive well under these conditions, she was no longer nervous about driving, but she still found that she had a great deal of trouble remembering what to do when driving without taking her Valium.Most likely this was due to

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions. The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred. -Do these observations tell us anything regarding the question of whether GR1944 is capable of inducing physical dependence? Explain your reasoning.

Drug dependence is distinguishable from drug abuse because drug dependence is more likely to involve a person's

After being a heavy smoker for several years, you quit and don't have a cigarette for several months.While you hadn't cared for cigarettes all that much before you had started smoking, you now find yourself wanting a cigarette in certain situations.We can say that your drug craving is

The terms "tachyphylaxis" or "acute tolerance" refers to

Two individuals administered the same dose of a psychotropic drug for the very first time may exhibit very different reactions to the drug.This is most likely due to

Chronic exposure of postsynaptic receptors to agonists commonly produce _________________ of the receptors.

What is the relationship between tolerance and receptor "desensitization"?

Responses that do NOT fully transfer from one set of drug conditions to another are termed

Most research indicates that the brain system that underlies the primary reward properties of drugs of abuse and natural reinforcers like food and sex is the

When the actions of people who care about a drug dependent person allow the person to escape the harmful consequences of drug use, it is called

When John Key first began to inject heroin, he experienced numerous physiological and emotional reactions to the drug.After several injections, John Key noticed that he has a craving to "shoot up" every time he sees a syringe.This craving is called a(n)

Empirical evidence has shown that relapse is not likely to occur with which type of treatment for drug dependence?

Distinguish between "context-specific" tolerance and "pharmacodynamic" tolerance.

__________________ of receptors would most likely occur if the receptors were chronically exposed to antagonists at those types of receptors.

A researcher is investigating some of the behavioral properties of a new drug called “GR1944” (a hypothetical drug). She trains two groups of rats on tasks in which bar pressing is occasionally reinforced with food. For GROUP DRLR rats the longer the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRLR rats generally press the bar fairly infrequently. For GROUP DRHR rats the shorter the interval between bar presses the greater the likelihood that a bar press will be rewarded, so GROUP DRHR rats press the bar fairly rapidly. After the two groups are trained over several daily sessions to the point that their responding is at stable levels, the researcher splits the two groups into two subgroups. For five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats with 100 mg of GR1944 30 minutes prior to each session, and for five successive daily test sessions, she injects GROUP DRLR-2 and GROUP DRHR-2 rats with saline 30 minutes prior to each session. The researcher measures the rate of bar pressing for each group over the five test sessions. The researcher notes that after the first injection of GR1944, the GROUP DRLR-1 and GROUP DRHR-1 rats respond much more frequently than their counterpart controls (i.e., GROUPs DRLR-2 and DRHR-2). However, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRLR-1 rats are responding at about the same level as the GROUP DRLR-2 rats, i.e., it appears that tolerance to GR1944 has occurred. On the other hand, by the fifth test session, the GROUP DRHR-1 rats are still responding much faster than the GROUP DRHR-2 rats, i.e., tolerance to GR1944 does not appear to have occurred. -Are these observations more compatible with a pharmacodynamic or a context-specific mechanism for tolerance development? Explain your reasoning.

Which mechanism was not cited by the textbook as a factor in tolerance?

When a person first begins smoking cigarettes, he often experiences numerous physiological reactions to the ingredients of the smoke.After numerous smoking experiences, the person notices that he has a craving to smoke a cigarette every time he sees one.The physiological reactions to the ingredients of the cigarette smoke may be termed a(n)