Exam 6: Tolerance, Sensitization, Dependence, and Addiction

The sight of a syringe has been noted to produce in a heroin addict a sudden desire for a "fix" and he begins twitching.Such reactions were not present until the syringe was seen.We can say that the syringe has become

When monkeys are hooked up to an apparatus so that a small injection of a drug directly into the bloodstream occurs when the animals perform same response, which of the following drugs are they likely to self-administer?

If given an opportunity to release cocaine or morphine into its bloodstream, e.g., by pressing a lever that delivers the drug intravenously, a nonhuman animal will typically do so, and when the drug is no longer delivered after many responses by the animal, it will stop lever pressing. However, if the animal is exposed to a stressor or sees or hears a cue that was originally presented when the drug was delivered, it will typically start lever pressing again. This phenomenon is referred to as

What technique is most commonly used with nonhumans to determine whether or not a drug has dependence liability?

Drugs that commonly induce both physical and psychological dependence are

What are two actions induced by psychotropic drugs that may lead to receptor "up-regulation"?

Most of the drugs used to treat major mental and emotional disorders, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants and lithium, generally produce

Which type of tolerance is directly dependent on factors such as frequency and amount of drug administered to the organism and is independent of the drug administration context?

What are the distinctions between "drug abuse" and "drug dependence"?

How are the processes of "enabling" and "denial" factors in drug dependency?

Physical dependence associated with down-regulation of receptors is most likely to occur with drugs that

The hypothesis that some drug tolerance is the result of learning to compensate for the effects of drugs would predict that