Question 1

What is the adaptive significance of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It greatly intensifies the effects of sensitization. 
B)  It allows organisms to ignore familiar but harmless stimuli. 
C)  It paves the way for associative conditioning. 
D)  It keeps neurons active when they might otherwise degenerate. 
A)  It greatly intensifies the effects of sensitization. 
B)  It allows organisms to ignore familiar but harmless stimuli. 
C)  It paves the way for associative conditioning. 
D)  It keeps neurons active when they might otherwise degenerate.

Question 2

An infant, Betty, has a colorful mobile suspended over her crib. There is a sensing device under her pillow so that when Betty moves her head, the mobile turns and its colorful shapes move enticingly. Betty enjoys making the mobile move and she smiles whenever the mobile is in motion. Betty's twin brother, Frank, has an identical mobile suspended over his crib. However, Frank's mobile moves only when Betty sets hers in motion. Based on what you know about response control, what is the most likely outcome in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Betty will pay less attention to the mobile than Frank because the movements of hers are predictable. 
B)  Betty will have intelligence scores that are significantly higher than Frank's when the twins are about 2 years old. 
C)  Frank will lose interest in the movements of his mobile while Betty will continue to enjoy hers. 
D)  Frank will attempt to reach out and grasp the colorful shapes in motion above his crib, while Betty will just move her head to set her mobile in motion. 
A)  Betty will pay less attention to the mobile than Frank because the movements of hers are predictable. 
B)  Betty will have intelligence scores that are significantly higher than Frank's when the twins are about 2 years old. 
C)  Frank will lose interest in the movements of his mobile while Betty will continue to enjoy hers. 
D)  Frank will attempt to reach out and grasp the colorful shapes in motion above his crib, while Betty will just move her head to set her mobile in motion.

Question 3

What did Edward Tolman's studies on rats that developed cognitive maps show?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning cannot occur without reinforcement. 
B)  Rats are spatially deficient. 
C)  Learning can occur without behavioral change. 
D)  Cognitive maps can produce disorientation. 
A)  Learning cannot occur without reinforcement. 
B)  Rats are spatially deficient. 
C)  Learning can occur without behavioral change. 
D)  Cognitive maps can produce disorientation.

Question 4

What is the procedure wherein the CR becomes weaker because the US has been omitted?

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning 
B)  reconditioning 
C)  generalization 
D)  extinction 
A)  conditioning 
B)  reconditioning 
C)  generalization 
D)  extinction

Question 5

What effect does the schedule of reinforcement have on an organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can affect the rate of learning. 
B)  It can lead to reconditioning. 
C)  It can increase an elicited response. 
D)  All of the above answers are correct. 
A)  It can affect the rate of learning. 
B)  It can lead to reconditioning. 
C)  It can increase an elicited response. 
D)  All of the above answers are correct.

Question 6

Food, water, or the termination of an electric shock are all examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcers 
B)  conditioned stimuli 
C)  aversive stimuli 
D)  primary reinforcers 
A)  conditioned reinforcers 
B)  conditioned stimuli 
C)  aversive stimuli 
D)  primary reinforcers

Question 7

What psychological phenomenon does the phrase "The fisherman does not hook a fish with every cast of the line" best describe?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  shaping 
C)  primary reinforcement 
D)  partial reinforcement 
A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  shaping 
C)  primary reinforcement 
D)  partial reinforcement

Question 8

When an animal is trained to emit a response through successive approximations (i.e., by reinforcing behavior that incrementally achieves a desired result), the procedure is referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  behavioral contrast 
C)  counterconditioning 
D)  generalization 
A)  shaping 
B)  behavioral contrast 
C)  counterconditioning 
D)  generalization

Question 9

What does shaping involve?

Accepted Answer

A)  rewarding the organism only after the desired response has been performed 
B)  intermittent reinforcement regardless of the organism's behavior 
C)  an intermittent schedule of reinforcement contingent on the organism's behavior 
D)  reinforcing responses that are more and more similar to the desired response 
A)  rewarding the organism only after the desired response has been performed 
B)  intermittent reinforcement regardless of the organism's behavior 
C)  an intermittent schedule of reinforcement contingent on the organism's behavior 
D)  reinforcing responses that are more and more similar to the desired response

Question 10

Why do VR reinforcement schedules produce such high rates of responding?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is uncertainty as to when the reward will be forthcoming. 
B)  The organism knows with certainty it will be rewarded. 
C)  Regular reinforcement produces a high level of compliance. 
D)  Both b and c. 
A)  There is uncertainty as to when the reward will be forthcoming. 
B)  The organism knows with certainty it will be rewarded. 
C)  Regular reinforcement produces a high level of compliance. 
D)  Both b and c.

Question 11

During training, in classical conditioning, the US is presented __________, while in operant conditioning the reward is presented __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  during every test trial; only on a variable interval schedule 
B)  immediately after the response; immediately before a response 
C)  regardless of behavior; contingent on behavior 
D)  contingent on behavior; regardless of behavior 
A)  during every test trial; only on a variable interval schedule 
B)  immediately after the response; immediately before a response 
C)  regardless of behavior; contingent on behavior 
D)  contingent on behavior; regardless of behavior

Question 12

What is true of backward conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  The CS fails to serve as a signal for the onset of the US. 
B)  The CR is presented shortly after the UR. 
C)  There is a fairly high ratio of unreinforced trials. 
D)  The CR differs from the UR. 
A)  The CS fails to serve as a signal for the onset of the US. 
B)  The CR is presented shortly after the UR. 
C)  There is a fairly high ratio of unreinforced trials. 
D)  The CR differs from the UR.

What is the adaptive significance of habituation?

What did Edward Tolman's studies on rats that developed cognitive maps show?

What is the procedure wherein the CR becomes weaker because the US has been omitted?

What effect does the schedule of reinforcement have on an organism?

Food, water, or the termination of an electric shock are all examples of __________.

What psychological phenomenon does the phrase "The fisherman does not hook a fish with every cast of the line" best describe?

When an animal is trained to emit a response through successive approximations (i.e., by reinforcing behavior that incrementally achieves a desired result), the procedure is referred to as __________.

What does shaping involve?

Why do VR reinforcement schedules produce such high rates of responding?

During training, in classical conditioning, the US is presented , while in operant conditioning the reward is presented .

What is true of backward conditioning?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

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Exam 7: Learning

What is the adaptive significance of habituation?

What did Edward Tolman's studies on rats that developed cognitive maps show?

What is the procedure wherein the CR becomes weaker because the US has been omitted?

What effect does the schedule of reinforcement have on an organism?

Food, water, or the termination of an electric shock are all examples of __________.

What psychological phenomenon does the phrase "The fisherman does not hook a fish with every cast of the line" best describe?

When an animal is trained to emit a response through successive approximations (i.e., by reinforcing behavior that incrementally achieves a desired result), the procedure is referred to as __________.

What does shaping involve?

Why do VR reinforcement schedules produce such high rates of responding?

During training, in classical conditioning, the US is presented __________, while in operant conditioning the reward is presented __________.

What is true of backward conditioning?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

During training, in classical conditioning, the US is presented , while in operant conditioning the reward is presented .