Exam 7: Learning

According to learning theories, what may be one crucial difference between fear and anxiety?

How might one employ the techniques of classical conditioning in order to treat a phobia?

In order to study cognitive maps in primates, a researcher carried a chimp along an irregular route over a large, open area. As the chimp and the researcher moved along, the researcher's assistant hid pieces of fruit in different locations along the route, but in full view of the chauffeured chimp. The chimp was then allowed to travel the area freely to hunt for the fruit. How many trials of passive observation did the chimp have to go through before she was able to recall, with 100% accuracy, every location in which the researcher's assistant hid the fruit?

According to classical conditioning models of learning, what happens to the CR (conditioned response) if the CS (conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented by itself-that is, without the US (unconditioned stimulus)?

Which is an important factor in how strongly a CS will elicit the CR?

Instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning in which of the following ways?

What do we know about the speed of relearning as compared with the original speed of learning?

The speed of relearning confirms which of the following facts?

In a classical conditioning experiment, the magnitude of the response to the __________ varies with the number of CS-US pairings.

In determining whether two events are contingent, what must one consider?

Injection of an animal with amphetamine leads to heart rate acceleration. With repeated injections, however, the injection procedure alone (i.e., when an inert substance is injected) can elicit heart rate acceleration. In this situation, which of the following is true?

A human research participant is touched on the shoulder immediately before he receives an electric shock. This pairing occurs over many trials. Subsequent tests show that he will give a more vigorous galvanic skin response when touched on the shoulder, less vigorous when touched on the lower back, still less vigorous when touched on the thigh, and least when touched on the calf. The results are plotted with the galvanic skin response on the y-axis and the parts of the body on the x-axis. What is the resulting curve called?

What would you expect if you were reinforced for selling greeting cards according to a VR 20 schedule?

In order to condition a response to a neutral stimulus (say, the sound of a bell), the best approach is to present the unconditioned stimulus (say, meat powder) __________.

In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement is __________ the response.

An animal hears 100 tones and experiences 100 shocks. Shock follows the tone closely in time on two trials only. According to a contingency view, what does the animal most likely learn?

Of the options listed here, what is the most important thing that animals learn in classical conditioning?

A rat is placed in a maze for an hour a day for 10 consecutive days. It is allowed to explore the corridors of the maze. On the eleventh day, food is placed in the goal box. The animal learns immediately, and without errors, to run to the goal box for food. What type of learning is illustrated here?

Which of the following may occur as you learn?

An investigator plans to use Seligman's (1975) procedures to study the effects of learned helplessness in rats. Which control group should be included to allow for an unambiguous interpretation of the results?