Question 1

Which word or phrase best captures the meaning of the term contingency?

Accepted Answer

A)  comes after 
B)  supports 
C)  precedes 
D)  depends upon 
A)  comes after 
B)  supports 
C)  precedes 
D)  depends upon D

Question 2

What is an "A" in Introductory Psychology to most students?

Accepted Answer

A)  a conditioned reinforcer 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus 
C)  a primary reinforcer 
D)  an unconditioned reinforcer 
A)  a conditioned reinforcer 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus 
C)  a primary reinforcer 
D)  an unconditioned reinforcer A

Question 3

According to B. F. Skinner, what are operants?

Accepted Answer

A)  voluntary responses 
B)  discriminative stimuli 
C)  random behaviors 
D)  environmental events 
A)  voluntary responses 
B)  discriminative stimuli 
C)  random behaviors 
D)  environmental events A

Question 4

In an experiment, a dog undergoes 20 trials in which he hears a tone and gets meat powder in various combinations. On 18 of the trials, he gets a tone and meat powder; on one trial, he gets a tone and no meat powder; and on one trial, he gets meat powder and no tone. What is true of this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a contingency between the sound of tone and meat powder. 
B)  There is a contingency between the CS and the UR. 
C)  There is a negative contingency. 
D)  There is no contingency. 
A)  There is a contingency between the sound of tone and meat powder. 
B)  There is a contingency between the CS and the UR. 
C)  There is a negative contingency. 
D)  There is no contingency.

Question 5

When insulin injection is viewed as a compensatory reaction process, what does the sight of the hypodermic needle represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  the CS 
B)  the CR 
C)  the US 
D)  the UR 
A)  the CS 
B)  the CR 
C)  the US 
D)  the UR

Question 6

What occurs in a backward conditioning situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The US is presented after the CS. 
B)  The US is presented before the CS. 
C)  The US is presented with the CS. 
D)  The US is presented without the CS. 
A)  The US is presented after the CS. 
B)  The US is presented before the CS. 
C)  The US is presented with the CS. 
D)  The US is presented without the CS.

Question 7

Serge had a poor math teacher and as a result began to perform very poorly in math class. In his next math class he did not try very hard, and stated that there was no use in trying because he was a poor math student. Therefore, Serge did not perform well in this class either. Now Serge avoids taking any math classes at all. Serge appears to have experienced __________ regarding math classes.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  intrinsic learning 
D)  insightful behavior 
A)  generalization 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  intrinsic learning 
D)  insightful behavior

Question 8

Testosterone levels rise in male rats if they smell a nearby female rat that is in heat. In a proposed experiment, one male rat was allowed to mate only with females who wore oil of wintergreen "perfume." After several such exposures, the male's testosterone levels rose whenever he smelled oil of wintergreen. What serves as the CS in this example?

Accepted Answer

A)  the opportunity to mate 
B)  the male rat's testosterone level 
C)  the natural smell of the female 
D)  the smell of oil of wintergreen 
A)  the opportunity to mate 
B)  the male rat's testosterone level 
C)  the natural smell of the female 
D)  the smell of oil of wintergreen

Question 9

What is the process in which an animal learns to avoid certain foods that resulted in illness?

Accepted Answer

A)  learned taste aversion 
B)  belongingness 
C)  response-suppressed arbitrariness 
D)  trial-and-error learning 
A)  learned taste aversion 
B)  belongingness 
C)  response-suppressed arbitrariness 
D)  trial-and-error learning

Question 10

A dog that was able to associate food with any conditioned stimulus would best illustrate __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  belongingness 
B)  biological constraint 
C)  equipotentiality 
D)  intrinsic motivation 
A)  belongingness 
B)  biological constraint 
C)  equipotentiality 
D)  intrinsic motivation

Question 11

To what does the term stimulus generalization refer?

Accepted Answer

A)  The term refers to the fact that the conditioned response can be elicited by a stimulus that resembles the original CS used during acquisition. 
B)  The term refers to the fact that, in general, any stimulus can be used as a CS in any classical conditioning situation. 
C)  The term refers to the fact that, after extinction of a conditioned response, presentation of the CS on the next day will still lead to some conditioned responding. 
D)  The term refers to the fact that the reason classical conditioning works is because the UR generalizes to the CS. 
A)  The term refers to the fact that the conditioned response can be elicited by a stimulus that resembles the original CS used during acquisition. 
B)  The term refers to the fact that, in general, any stimulus can be used as a CS in any classical conditioning situation. 
C)  The term refers to the fact that, after extinction of a conditioned response, presentation of the CS on the next day will still lead to some conditioned responding. 
D)  The term refers to the fact that the reason classical conditioning works is because the UR generalizes to the CS.

Question 12

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bob buys a lottery ticket each time he gets his car inspected because four years ago he won $100 on a ticket he bought immediately after a car inspection. 
B)  Sam underwent a painful dental procedure, and now his palms sweat when he sees the door to his dentist's office. 
C)  Sally's dog brings her the newspaper and gets a pat on the head in return. 
D)  Ted drops his economics course after failing the first exam. 
A)  Bob buys a lottery ticket each time he gets his car inspected because four years ago he won $100 on a ticket he bought immediately after a car inspection. 
B)  Sam underwent a painful dental procedure, and now his palms sweat when he sees the door to his dentist's office. 
C)  Sally's dog brings her the newspaper and gets a pat on the head in return. 
D)  Ted drops his economics course after failing the first exam.

Question 13

In classical conditioning, the animal must learn about the relationship between __________; in instrumental conditioning, it must learn about the relationship between __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CR and US; stimulus and response 
B)  CS and UR; stimulus and response 
C)  CR and UR; response and reinforcement 
D)  CS and US; response and reinforcement 
A)  CR and US; stimulus and response 
B)  CS and UR; stimulus and response 
C)  CR and UR; response and reinforcement 
D)  CS and US; response and reinforcement

Question 14

What will happen in a classical conditioning experiment if the likelihood of the US following the CS is 30% and the likelihood of the US being presented alone is also 30%?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be no conditioning, no matter how contiguous the CS and US. 
B)  There will be strong conditioning if the US arrives about half a second after the CS. 
C)  There will be no obvious effect at first, but after a rest period the CR will appear when the CS is presented. 
D)  The animal will show surprise reactions when the CS is presented. 
A)  There will be no conditioning, no matter how contiguous the CS and US. 
B)  There will be strong conditioning if the US arrives about half a second after the CS. 
C)  There will be no obvious effect at first, but after a rest period the CR will appear when the CS is presented. 
D)  The animal will show surprise reactions when the CS is presented.

Question 15

Which one of the following pictorial stimuli was not used in studies of concept formation in pigeons?

Accepted Answer

A)  trees 
B)  a particular human 
C)  three apples 
D)  water 
A)  trees 
B)  a particular human 
C)  three apples 
D)  water

Question 16

Professor James was hoping to get a lot of work done on the train. Unfortunately, he was seated next to a bunch of rambunctious children. At first he found it difficult to concentrate, but gradually he was able to ignore the noise completely. In terms of learning terminology, what type of process has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization 
B)  habituation 
C)  extinction 
D)  shaping 
A)  sensitization 
B)  habituation 
C)  extinction 
D)  shaping

Question 17

What does latent learning show?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning can occur without behavioral change. 
B)  Learning can occur suddenly, in a single trial. 
C)  Learning will not occur if blocking is present. 
D)  Learning requires a certain amount of response control. 
A)  Learning can occur without behavioral change. 
B)  Learning can occur suddenly, in a single trial. 
C)  Learning will not occur if blocking is present. 
D)  Learning requires a certain amount of response control.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT likely to be the result of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Your pet bird repeats your words and phrases. 
B)  A dog opens the cupboard door to get into the dog food. 
C)  A man drives a new route when road construction blocks his route. 
D)  A baby can reach the table after growing tall enough. 
A)  Your pet bird repeats your words and phrases. 
B)  A dog opens the cupboard door to get into the dog food. 
C)  A man drives a new route when road construction blocks his route. 
D)  A baby can reach the table after growing tall enough.

Question 19

Which is the best example of a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  A gun-shy dog cowers when he sees a shotgun. 
B)  A child flinches when a balloon bursts a foot away from her face. 
C)  A snail withdraws into its shell when someone pokes a stick at it. 
D)  A dog perks up its ears and turns toward the source of an unexpected sound. 
A)  A gun-shy dog cowers when he sees a shotgun. 
B)  A child flinches when a balloon bursts a foot away from her face. 
C)  A snail withdraws into its shell when someone pokes a stick at it. 
D)  A dog perks up its ears and turns toward the source of an unexpected sound.

Question 20

Surprise appears to play an important role in classical conditioning. In terms of surprise, which of the following is most important if effective conditioning is to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  the extent to which the US is surprising 
B)  the extent to which the UR is surprising 
C)  the extent to which the CR is reflexive 
D)  the extent to which the UR provides redundant information 
A)  the extent to which the US is surprising 
B)  the extent to which the UR is surprising 
C)  the extent to which the CR is reflexive 
D)  the extent to which the UR provides redundant information

Which word or phrase best captures the meaning of the term contingency?

What is an "A" in Introductory Psychology to most students?

According to B. F. Skinner, what are operants?

In an experiment, a dog undergoes 20 trials in which he hears a tone and gets meat powder in various combinations. On 18 of the trials, he gets a tone and meat powder; on one trial, he gets a tone and no meat powder; and on one trial, he gets meat powder and no tone. What is true of this situation?

When insulin injection is viewed as a compensatory reaction process, what does the sight of the hypodermic needle represent?

What occurs in a backward conditioning situation?

What is the process in which an animal learns to avoid certain foods that resulted in illness?

A dog that was able to associate food with any conditioned stimulus would best illustrate __________.

To what does the term stimulus generalization refer?

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the animal must learn about the relationship between ; in instrumental conditioning, it must learn about the relationship between .

What will happen in a classical conditioning experiment if the likelihood of the US following the CS is 30% and the likelihood of the US being presented alone is also 30%?

Which one of the following pictorial stimuli was not used in studies of concept formation in pigeons?

What does latent learning show?

Which of the following is NOT likely to be the result of learning?

Which is the best example of a conditioned response?

Surprise appears to play an important role in classical conditioning. In terms of surprise, which of the following is most important if effective conditioning is to occur?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

Exam 7: Learning

Which word or phrase best captures the meaning of the term contingency?

What is an "A" in Introductory Psychology to most students?

According to B. F. Skinner, what are operants?

In an experiment, a dog undergoes 20 trials in which he hears a tone and gets meat powder in various combinations. On 18 of the trials, he gets a tone and meat powder; on one trial, he gets a tone and no meat powder; and on one trial, he gets meat powder and no tone. What is true of this situation?

When insulin injection is viewed as a compensatory reaction process, what does the sight of the hypodermic needle represent?

What occurs in a backward conditioning situation?

What is the process in which an animal learns to avoid certain foods that resulted in illness?

A dog that was able to associate food with any conditioned stimulus would best illustrate __________.

To what does the term stimulus generalization refer?

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the animal must learn about the relationship between __________; in instrumental conditioning, it must learn about the relationship between __________.

What will happen in a classical conditioning experiment if the likelihood of the US following the CS is 30% and the likelihood of the US being presented alone is also 30%?

Which one of the following pictorial stimuli was not used in studies of concept formation in pigeons?

What does latent learning show?

Which of the following is NOT likely to be the result of learning?

Which is the best example of a conditioned response?

Surprise appears to play an important role in classical conditioning. In terms of surprise, which of the following is most important if effective conditioning is to occur?

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Personality

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

In classical conditioning, the animal must learn about the relationship between ; in instrumental conditioning, it must learn about the relationship between .