Exam 7: Learning

How is fear conditioning accomplished?

What is reinforcement best defined as?

A small child is in speech therapy. When the child correctly responds, the therapist gives her a goldfish cracker or a sip of juice. The therapist is using __________.

What is indicated by the fact that conditioning is most effective when the US immediately follows the CS?

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates conclusively that an extinguished CR is not forgotten?

Benny, an unfortunate family dog, has been brought up in an abusive environment; his owners routinely beat him with a broomstick. Now, Benny cries and whimpers anytime he sees a broom. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the broom in this example?

The basic procedure that produces classical conditioning is that a __________ is followed, after a very brief interval, by a __________.

What would one call salivation as a reaction to lemon juice in the mouth?

What can be said of conditioned reinforcement?

A tap to the leg just below the knee leads to the knee-jerk response. This response can be elicited even in newborns. What is the knee jerk following a tap on the leg an example of?

What learned contingency is most important in classical conditioning?

Actions bringing about some change that leads to some consequence Skinner called __________.

Although the CR is typically similar to the UR, the two responses are not identical. Evidence for this is clear in fear conditioning experiments in which the CR, but not the UR, involves __________.

How did cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes typically behave?

Dominique watches her brother use the kitchen drawers to climb to get into the cookie jar. She then climbs to the counter using the same technique her brother used. This would be an example of which kind of learning?

Thorndike proposed that learning occurs because certain responses meet with reinforcement and therefore become more likely to occur. This idea is known as the law of __________.

A phenomenon called the blocking effect demonstrates the key role played by __________ in conditioning.

Compensatory drug reactions, such as those to injections of insulin or heroin, offer the strongest support to which of the following ideas?

Which observation was most directly responsible for redirecting Pavlov's research from the study of digestive reflexes to investigations of conditioning?

How does reconditioning differ from spontaneous recovery?