Question 1

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book.According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A) cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B) cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C) children typically emphasize top-down processing,but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D) cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information. 
A) cognition is generally not very accurate. 
B) cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. 
C) children typically emphasize top-down processing,but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. 
D) cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information.

Question 2

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes.Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A) "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" 
B) "The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" 
C) "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" 
D) "Children's memory for gender-consistent information" 
A) "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" 
B) "The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" 
C) "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" 
D) "Children's memory for gender-consistent information"

Question 3

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Accepted Answer

A) Internal representations of the world 
B) Individual differences 
C) The relationship between emotions and thought 
D) An emphasis on problem solving 
A) Internal representations of the world 
B) Individual differences 
C) The relationship between emotions and thought 
D) An emphasis on problem solving

Question 4

Chapter 1 presents some information about the history of cognition.According to this discussion

Accepted Answer

A) the issue of how humans acquire knowledge was not considered until about 80 years ago. 
B) the birthday of scientific psychology is usually traced to the first studies of John B.Watson. 
C) behaviorism is an approach that relies on objective,observable reactions. 
D) behaviorists have been primarily interested in studying images and thought processes. 
A) the issue of how humans acquire knowledge was not considered until about 80 years ago. 
B) the birthday of scientific psychology is usually traced to the first studies of John B.Watson. 
C) behaviorism is an approach that relies on objective,observable reactions. 
D) behaviorists have been primarily interested in studying images and thought processes.

Question 5

According to Chapter 1's introduction to the chapters in your textbook,perceptual processes

Accepted Answer

A) use previous knowledge in order to interpret the stimuli that are registered by our senses. 
B) are primarily concerned with concept formation. 
C) include pattern recognition,but not attention. 
D) are primarily explained by behaviorist principles. 
A) use previous knowledge in order to interpret the stimuli that are registered by our senses. 
B) are primarily concerned with concept formation. 
C) include pattern recognition,but not attention. 
D) are primarily explained by behaviorist principles.

Question 6

One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory.Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Your ability to create a mental image 
B) Your ability to add several three-digit numbers together 
C) A strategy you use to memorize important material for a test 
D) Your knowledge that the word "bear" is similar to the word "lion" 
A) Your ability to create a mental image 
B) Your ability to add several three-digit numbers together 
C) A strategy you use to memorize important material for a test 
D) Your knowledge that the word "bear" is similar to the word "lion"

Question 7

When neuroscientists use PET scans (positron emission tomography),

Accepted Answer

A) they assess the regions of the brain in which blood flow increases while a person is performing a task. 
B) they record the neural impulses from one neuron in the human brain. 
C) they stimulate a brain region in a patient who recently had a stroke or tumor. 
D) they place electrodes on a person's scalp. 
A) they assess the regions of the brain in which blood flow increases while a person is performing a task. 
B) they record the neural impulses from one neuron in the human brain. 
C) they stimulate a brain region in a patient who recently had a stroke or tumor. 
D) they place electrodes on a person's scalp.

Question 8

Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology.According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A) Hermann Ebbinghaus opposed cognitive psychology because it did not pay enough attention to emotions. 
B) Mary Whiton Calkins studied people's introspections about nonsense words. 
C) William James suggested that our everyday cognitive processes are passive,rather than active. 
D) Wilhelm Wundt emphasized that introspection could provide useful information,if participants were well trained. 
A) Hermann Ebbinghaus opposed cognitive psychology because it did not pay enough attention to emotions. 
B) Mary Whiton Calkins studied people's introspections about nonsense words. 
C) William James suggested that our everyday cognitive processes are passive,rather than active. 
D) Wilhelm Wundt emphasized that introspection could provide useful information,if participants were well trained.

Question 9

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Accepted Answer

A) Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior,and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B) Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach,because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C) Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D) Savita: "In general,psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences." 
A) Sarah: "Psychologists began to realize that the behaviorists only emphasized behavior,and they admired how the cognitive approach emphasized people's emotional experiences." 
B) Harlan: "Many psychologists favored the cognitive approach,because the behaviorist approach could not account for complex thought processes." 
C) Ilia: "Most psychologists thought that the behaviorist approach was too heavily influenced by its early gestalt principles." 
D) Savita: "In general,psychologists realized that the cognitive approach was better than the behaviorist approach in explaining individual differences."

Question 10

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex,sophisticated machine.These researchers would favor

Accepted Answer

A) the Gestalt approach. 
B) the analogy approach. 
C) the computer metaphor. 
D) the lesion approach. 
A) the Gestalt approach. 
B) the analogy approach. 
C) the computer metaphor. 
D) the lesion approach.

Question 11

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI)compare with other imaging techniques?

Accepted Answer

A) It requires more processing time than PET scans,so it is more widely available. 
B) It is more effective than the PET scan in measuring brain activity that occurs rapidly. 
C) It does not provide precise information about the timing of various brain activities. 
D) It produces images that are roughly comparable to the ERP technique. 
A) It requires more processing time than PET scans,so it is more widely available. 
B) It is more effective than the PET scan in measuring brain activity that occurs rapidly. 
C) It does not provide precise information about the timing of various brain activities. 
D) It produces images that are roughly comparable to the ERP technique.

Question 12

What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) Cognitive psychology has had very little influence on areas outside traditional experimental psychology. 
B) Cognitive psychology has influenced experiments in some research-oriented areas of psychology,but it has not yet had an impact on applied areas. 
C) Cognitive psychology has influenced disciplines that are concerned with the behavior of humans as individuals,but it has not yet influenced the areas of psychology concerned with social interactions. 
D) Cognitive psychology has had an important impact on a variety of areas throughout psychology. 
A) Cognitive psychology has had very little influence on areas outside traditional experimental psychology. 
B) Cognitive psychology has influenced experiments in some research-oriented areas of psychology,but it has not yet had an impact on applied areas. 
C) Cognitive psychology has influenced disciplines that are concerned with the behavior of humans as individuals,but it has not yet influenced the areas of psychology concerned with social interactions. 
D) Cognitive psychology has had an important impact on a variety of areas throughout psychology.

Question 13

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Behaviorists favored the introspection technique. 
B) William James emphasized that the human mind is active,rather than passive. 
C) Research in cognition thrived during the period when behaviorism was strongest. 
D) Behaviorists were influential in conducting research on problem solving. 
A) Behaviorists favored the introspection technique. 
B) William James emphasized that the human mind is active,rather than passive. 
C) Research in cognition thrived during the period when behaviorism was strongest. 
D) Behaviorists were influential in conducting research on problem solving.

Question 14

Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions.However,a major problem with this technique is that

Accepted Answer

A) the brain damage may extend into several areas of the brain. 
B) this technique is low in ecological validity. 
C) it requires using a radioactive chemical,which may be dangerous. 
D) it cannot be used in studying humans or other primates. 
A) the brain damage may extend into several areas of the brain. 
B) this technique is low in ecological validity. 
C) it requires using a radioactive chemical,which may be dangerous. 
D) it cannot be used in studying humans or other primates.

Question 15

Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points?

Accepted Answer

A) Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured. 
B) Researchers must emphasize the external stimuli in the environment. 
C) Theorists must try to explain higher mental processes in terms of mental events. 
D) Most thought processes can be explained in terms of people's observable responses to stimuli. 
A) Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured. 
B) Researchers must emphasize the external stimuli in the environment. 
C) Theorists must try to explain higher mental processes in terms of mental events. 
D) Most thought processes can be explained in terms of people's observable responses to stimuli.

Question 16

According to the discussion about the rise of cognitive psychology,

Accepted Answer

A) enthusiasm for behaviorism decreased because it was difficult to explain complex human behavior using only the concepts from learning theory. 
B) Piaget's research on children's thinking was actually ignored until cognitive psychology was well established in the 1970s. 
C) modern linguistics favors behaviorism rather than cognitive approaches. 
D) behavioral approaches to human memory are still more widely accepted than cognitive approaches. 
A) enthusiasm for behaviorism decreased because it was difficult to explain complex human behavior using only the concepts from learning theory. 
B) Piaget's research on children's thinking was actually ignored until cognitive psychology was well established in the 1970s. 
C) modern linguistics favors behaviorism rather than cognitive approaches. 
D) behavioral approaches to human memory are still more widely accepted than cognitive approaches.

Question 17

Information processing models assume that

Accepted Answer

A) information from your senses about stimuli in the outside world can be compared to inputting information on a computer keyboard. 
B) Information from your senses is processed and recognized instantaneously. 
C) A stimulus does not need to be interpreted or identified before a decision is made about how to respond to the stimulus. 
D) subsystems based on algorithms are not necessary to model cognitive processes. 
A) information from your senses about stimuli in the outside world can be compared to inputting information on a computer keyboard. 
B) Information from your senses is processed and recognized instantaneously. 
C) A stimulus does not need to be interpreted or identified before a decision is made about how to respond to the stimulus. 
D) subsystems based on algorithms are not necessary to model cognitive processes.

Question 18

The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist,because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence.

Accepted Answer

A) Plato 
B) Sophocles 
C) Aristotle 
D) Descartes 
A) Plato 
B) Sophocles 
C) Aristotle 
D) Descartes

Question 19

The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was

Accepted Answer

A) the emphasis on ecological validity. 
B) the emphasis on research employing hundreds of subjects in each study. 
C) research about factors that might influence human memory. 
D) the notion of top-down processing. 
A) the emphasis on ecological validity. 
B) the emphasis on research employing hundreds of subjects in each study. 
C) research about factors that might influence human memory. 
D) the notion of top-down processing.

Question 20

Metacognition refers to

Accepted Answer

A) your thoughts about your cognitive processes. 
B) a technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity. 
C) the application of cognitive psychology in everyday,naturalistic situations. 
D) the use of computers to model human cognitive activity. 
A) your thoughts about your cognitive processes. 
B) a technique that records brief fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity. 
C) the application of cognitive psychology in everyday,naturalistic situations. 
D) the use of computers to model human cognitive activity.

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book.According to this discussion,

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes.Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Chapter 1 presents some information about the history of cognition.According to this discussion

According to Chapter 1's introduction to the chapters in your textbook,perceptual processes

One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory.Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory?

When neuroscientists use PET scans (positron emission tomography),

Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology.According to this discussion,

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex,sophisticated machine.These researchers would favor

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI)compare with other imaging techniques?

What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology?

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions.However,a major problem with this technique is that

Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points?

According to the discussion about the rise of cognitive psychology,

Information processing models assume that

The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist,because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence.

The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was

Metacognition refers to

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 1: An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book.According to this discussion,

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes.Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

Which of the following interests is shared by researchers within the discipline of cognitive science?

Chapter 1 presents some information about the history of cognition.According to this discussion

According to Chapter 1's introduction to the chapters in your textbook,perceptual processes

One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory.Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory?

When neuroscientists use PET scans (positron emission tomography),

Your textbook discusses the early history of cognitive psychology.According to this discussion,

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the decline of behaviorism and the rising popularity of the cognitive approach?

Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex,sophisticated machine.These researchers would favor

How does the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI)compare with other imaging techniques?

What does the introductory chapter conclude about the influence of cognitive approaches on other areas of psychology?

Which statement about the history of cognition is correct?

Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions.However,a major problem with this technique is that

Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points?

According to the discussion about the rise of cognitive psychology,

Information processing models assume that

The philosopher ____ can be called the first cognitive psychologist,because he examined topics such as memory and perception and emphasized the importance of empirical evidence.

The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was

Metacognition refers to

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters