Question 1

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

Accepted Answer

A) when researchers examine backward inferences rather than forward inferences. 
B) when readers have a large working-memory capacity. 
C) when they learned to read according to the whole-word approach. 
D) when they read scientific texts. 
A) when researchers examine backward inferences rather than forward inferences. 
B) when readers have a large working-memory capacity. 
C) when they learned to read according to the whole-word approach. 
D) when they read scientific texts.

Question 2

During the past decade,researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

Accepted Answer

A) lesioning 
B) ERP 
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D) eye tracking 
A) lesioning 
B) ERP 
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D) eye tracking

Question 3

Suppose that a friend asks you,"Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

Accepted Answer

A) "Yes,because research shows that the right hemisphere processes spatial information,rather than linguistic information." 
B) "No,because the current research shows that both hemispheres are equally important in processing language." 
C) "Sort of,because the left hemisphere handles syntax and semantics,whereas,the right hemisphere handles speech perception." 
D) "Sort of,because the left hemisphere typically handles a majority of language processing for most people,but the right hemisphere is important in interpreting abstract information." 
A) "Yes,because research shows that the right hemisphere processes spatial information,rather than linguistic information." 
B) "No,because the current research shows that both hemispheres are equally important in processing language." 
C) "Sort of,because the left hemisphere handles syntax and semantics,whereas,the right hemisphere handles speech perception." 
D) "Sort of,because the left hemisphere typically handles a majority of language processing for most people,but the right hemisphere is important in interpreting abstract information."

Question 4

If you use the direct-access route while reading,

Accepted Answer

A) you can recognize a word directly from its component sounds. 
B) you directly access easy words through the visual route; you directly access difficult words through the auditory route. 
C) your teacher probably emphasized how a word is pronounced. 
D) you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word. 
A) you can recognize a word directly from its component sounds. 
B) you directly access easy words through the visual route; you directly access difficult words through the auditory route. 
C) your teacher probably emphasized how a word is pronounced. 
D) you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word.

Question 5

Chapter 9 discusses a study by Luo and his colleagues,in which people made semantic judgments about two-word sequences such as APPLE-PAIR.If the participants in this study judged that these two words were indeed semantically related,the results would support which of the following hypotheses about reading?

Accepted Answer

A) The direct-access route 
B) The indirect-access route 
C) The modular hypothesis 
D) The cognitive-functional hypothesis 
A) The direct-access route 
B) The indirect-access route 
C) The modular hypothesis 
D) The cognitive-functional hypothesis

Question 6

Research on word recognition suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) word recognition can use either a direct or an indirect route,depending upon factors such as the skill level of the reader. 
B) poor readers need to translate written words into sound prior to recognition; good readers consistently recognize the printed words directly. 
C) written words must always be translated into sound prior to recognition; theorists agree on this particular principle. 
D) readers need to translate ambiguous words into sound; they recognize other words directly. 
A) word recognition can use either a direct or an indirect route,depending upon factors such as the skill level of the reader. 
B) poor readers need to translate written words into sound prior to recognition; good readers consistently recognize the printed words directly. 
C) written words must always be translated into sound prior to recognition; theorists agree on this particular principle. 
D) readers need to translate ambiguous words into sound; they recognize other words directly.

Question 7

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

Accepted Answer

A) Martina: "The research suggests that teachers should encourage metacomprehension skills,beginning in first grade." 
B) Johnny: "If students reach college without learning metacomprehension skills,it's probably too late for them to master these techniques." 
C) Souren: "Educators are now developing programs to teach metacomprehension skills to students before they reach high school. 
D) Suzanne: "The research suggests that children already know metacomprehension skills,if they initially learned to read using the phonics method." 
A) Martina: "The research suggests that teachers should encourage metacomprehension skills,beginning in first grade." 
B) Johnny: "If students reach college without learning metacomprehension skills,it's probably too late for them to master these techniques." 
C) Souren: "Educators are now developing programs to teach metacomprehension skills to students before they reach high school. 
D) Suzanne: "The research suggests that children already know metacomprehension skills,if they initially learned to read using the phonics method."

Question 8

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

Accepted Answer

A) how children learn language by operant conditioning. 
B) how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax. 
C) how humans have language skills that are inborn. 
D) how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills. 
A) how children learn language by operant conditioning. 
B) how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax. 
C) how humans have language skills that are inborn. 
D) how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills.

Question 9

When the fMRI technique is used in studying language comprehension,

Accepted Answer

A) both the left and the right hemisphere are active,though their functions are somewhat different. 
B) people's responses occur so quickly that the fMRI is not especially useful. 
C) the results reveal that people who have experienced strokes show remarkably normal patterns of brain activity. 
D) the results reinforce the conclusion that language tasks are handled exclusively by the left hemisphere. 
A) both the left and the right hemisphere are active,though their functions are somewhat different. 
B) people's responses occur so quickly that the fMRI is not especially useful. 
C) the results reveal that people who have experienced strokes show remarkably normal patterns of brain activity. 
D) the results reinforce the conclusion that language tasks are handled exclusively by the left hemisphere.

Question 10

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

Accepted Answer

A) speakers typically use language skillfully,which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. 
B) speakers realize that people are especially skilled at understanding nested language. 
C) linguistic information is processed by isolated parts of the brain that are not connected with other brain regions. 
D) the right hemisphere of the brain functions differently than the left hemisphere. 
A) speakers typically use language skillfully,which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. 
B) speakers realize that people are especially skilled at understanding nested language. 
C) linguistic information is processed by isolated parts of the brain that are not connected with other brain regions. 
D) the right hemisphere of the brain functions differently than the left hemisphere.

Question 11

Which of the following sentences should be easiest to comprehend?

Accepted Answer

A) My cat Lupin chased the mouse under the sofa. 
B) The mouse was chased under the sofa by my cat,Lupin. 
C) The cat that chased the mouse was named Lupin. 
D) Heather denied that her cat did not chase the mouse. 
A) My cat Lupin chased the mouse under the sofa. 
B) The mouse was chased under the sofa by my cat,Lupin. 
C) The cat that chased the mouse was named Lupin. 
D) Heather denied that her cat did not chase the mouse.

Question 12

In general,the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Accepted Answer

A) speech perception. 
B) the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message. 
C) the division of a word into morphemes. 
D) the concrete information conveyed in a sentence. 
A) speech perception. 
B) the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message. 
C) the division of a word into morphemes. 
D) the concrete information conveyed in a sentence.

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

Accepted Answer

A) Augusto: "In right-handed people,language is processed almost exclusively by the right hemisphere." 
B) Heidi: "Right-handed people and left-handed people show very similar patterns of hemispheric specialization." 
C) Esther: "Virtually all language tasks are performed by the left hemisphere of the brain; the right hemisphere does not play a substantial role in language processing." 
D) Laura: "The left hemisphere handles most language tasks,but the right hemisphere processes some abstract components." 
A) Augusto: "In right-handed people,language is processed almost exclusively by the right hemisphere." 
B) Heidi: "Right-handed people and left-handed people show very similar patterns of hemispheric specialization." 
C) Esther: "Virtually all language tasks are performed by the left hemisphere of the brain; the right hemisphere does not play a substantial role in language processing." 
D) Laura: "The left hemisphere handles most language tasks,but the right hemisphere processes some abstract components."

Question 14

The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that

Accepted Answer

A) readers directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. 
B) we should emphasize the way that words sound. 
C) readers perceive the individual letters in the visual stimulus,so we should take a bottom-up approach to reading. 
D) beginning readers emphasize the whole word; advanced readers emphasize the sounds within each word. 
A) readers directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. 
B) we should emphasize the way that words sound. 
C) readers perceive the individual letters in the visual stimulus,so we should take a bottom-up approach to reading. 
D) beginning readers emphasize the whole word; advanced readers emphasize the sounds within each word.

Question 15

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task,and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Accepted Answer

A) Wernicke's area 
B) Broca's area 
C) the right temporal lobe 
D) the right frontal lobe 
A) Wernicke's area 
B) Broca's area 
C) the right temporal lobe 
D) the right frontal lobe

Question 16

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Accepted Answer

A) Irving: "Beginning readers typically use the direct-access route; mature readers typically use the indirect-access route." 
B) Isidoro: "Readers of all skill levels typically use the direct-access route. 
C) Anna: "Beginning readers are likely to operate according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; mature readers consistently use the direct-access route." 
D) Jeanne: "Most theorists acknowledge that the dual-route explanation of reading is most consistent with the research." 
A) Irving: "Beginning readers typically use the direct-access route; mature readers typically use the indirect-access route." 
B) Isidoro: "Readers of all skill levels typically use the direct-access route. 
C) Anna: "Beginning readers are likely to operate according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; mature readers consistently use the direct-access route." 
D) Jeanne: "Most theorists acknowledge that the dual-route explanation of reading is most consistent with the research."

Question 17

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system.This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

Accepted Answer

A) are especially important when we want to produce language. 
B) may allow some access to languages other than English. 
C) may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting. 
D) illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization. 
A) are especially important when we want to produce language. 
B) may allow some access to languages other than English. 
C) may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting. 
D) illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization.

Question 18

In contrast to written language,spoken language is especially likely

Accepted Answer

A) to be spread out across space. 
B) to be controllable with respect to the rate of input. 
C) to require the use of working memory. 
D) to have discrete boundaries between words. 
A) to be spread out across space. 
B) to be controllable with respect to the rate of input. 
C) to require the use of working memory. 
D) to have discrete boundaries between words.

Question 19

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

Accepted Answer

A) readers cannot translate visual stimuli into sounds unless they have the benefit of context. 
B) children who can identify sounds in a word are likely to earn high scores on standardized reading tests. 
C) training in semantic skills is just as likely as training in phoneme skills to improve children's ability to identify words. 
D) in general,children's reading skills are somewhat poorer if they have been trained in phonics skills. 
A) readers cannot translate visual stimuli into sounds unless they have the benefit of context. 
B) children who can identify sounds in a word are likely to earn high scores on standardized reading tests. 
C) training in semantic skills is just as likely as training in phoneme skills to improve children's ability to identify words. 
D) in general,children's reading skills are somewhat poorer if they have been trained in phonics skills.

Question 20

Imagine that you are reading a short story about two students named Chris and Freddie.As you read this story,you find that you are trying to figure out why Chris is avoiding Freddie,and how Freddie must feel about this avoidance.These cognitive efforts would be most consistent with which of the following views of reading?

Accepted Answer

A) The indirect-access route 
B) The phonetic module hypothesis 
C) The constructionist view of inferences. 
D) Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics 
A) The indirect-access route 
B) The phonetic module hypothesis 
C) The constructionist view of inferences. 
D) Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

During the past decade,researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

Suppose that a friend asks you,"Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

If you use the direct-access route while reading,

Research on word recognition suggests that

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

When the fMRI technique is used in studying language comprehension,

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

Which of the following sentences should be easiest to comprehend?

In general,the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task,and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system.This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

In contrast to written language,spoken language is especially likely

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 9: Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

During the past decade,researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

Suppose that a friend asks you,"Is it true that the left hemisphere of the brain handles all language processing tasks?" Your response should be,

If you use the direct-access route while reading,

Research on word recognition suggests that

Which of the following students provides the best summary about teaching metacomprehension skills?

A key point in Noam Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on

When the fMRI technique is used in studying language comprehension,

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

Which of the following sentences should be easiest to comprehend?

In general,the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about neurolinguistics research?

The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that

Neurolinguists have demonstrated that _________ is active when people complete a Stroop task,and also when people process syntactically ambiguous sentences.

Which of the following students provides the most widely accepted perspective on word recognition?

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system.This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

In contrast to written language,spoken language is especially likely

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters