Exam 22: A: Population,urbanization and the Environment

Environmental racism is a pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for the poor,especially poor minorities.

The high level of consumption in rich countries is not an issue in terms of the environment.

Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society's population.

Most people migrate due to a combination of "push" and "pull" factors.

Urban political economy is influenced by the thinking of Karl Marx.

At the present rate of loss,almost all of the rain forests will be gone by the end of this century.

An annual growth rate of about 2 percent will cause a society's population to double in about thirty-five years.

More than half of the world's cities with populations over 5 million are in less developed countries.

"Zero population growth" refers to cases in which no more people are born.

To calculate a crude birth rate,divide the number of live births in a year into the total population and multiply the result by 1,000.

The forced transport of 10 million slaves from Africa to the western hemisphere is an example of involuntary migration.

Mumbai,India is a megacity.

More than sixty nations,including Canada,have a birth rate below the zero population growth point.

Protecting the rain forests is vital to maintaining the Earth's biodiversity.

In many low-income nations,parents value sons more than daughters,which explains why the age-sex ratio in these nations may be higher than 100.

Demographic transition theory states that humanity must act now to reduce fertility if we are to save the planet.

The planet's population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500.

Sex ratios are usually greater than 100 because men typically outlive women.

Fecundity is a simple and useful way to measure population increase.

It would be fair to say that Malthus was a pessimist about the future of the world.