Question 1

What does error represent in the analysis of variance?

Accepted Answer

In the context of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), "error" represents the variation in the data that cannot be explained by the model factors being tested. ANOVA is a statistical method used to compare the means of three or more groups to see if at least one group mean is statistically different from the others. It partitions the total variation in the data into two components: the variation due to the factors being tested (between-group variation) and the variation due to random error (within-group variation).

The error term in ANOVA is associated with the within-group variation, which is the natural variability in the data that occurs within each group. This variability is not due to the experimental treatment or the factors being studied but is instead due to other, uncontrolled or random factors. These could include measurement errors, individual differences among subjects, or other sources of randomness that affect the outcome variable.

The error term is important because it serves as a baseline against which the treatment effects are compared. In ANOVA, the F-statistic is calculated by taking the ratio of the mean square due to the treatment (mean square between) to the mean square due to error (mean square within). A larger F-statistic suggests that the variation between group means is greater than would be expected by chance alone, indicating that the treatment or factor being tested has a significant effect.

In summary, the error in ANOVA represents the unexplained variability within groups that is not attributable to the factors being tested. It is a crucial component of the analysis as it provides a measure of the inherent variability in the data, which is used to determine whether the observed differences between group means are statistically significant.

Question 2

In order to increase the statistical power of her study, Judy decides that she will administer several treatments to each of her subjects. Judy is using __________ research in order to address her question of interest.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonintrinsically repeated measures 
B)  intrinsically repeated measures 
C)  simple effects 
D)  analysis of variance 
A)  nonintrinsically repeated measures 
B)  intrinsically repeated measures 
C)  simple effects 
D)  analysis of variance A

Question 3

The F ratio will usually have a value close to 1.0 when the variation between treatment conditions is __________ the variation within the treatment conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)  smaller than 
B)  similar to 
C)  greater than 
D)  eliminated by 
A)  smaller than 
B)  similar to 
C)  greater than 
D)  eliminated by B

Question 4

In an analysis of variance comparing two groups, the resulting F value is equal to

Accepted Answer

A)  t 
B)  Cohen's d 
C)  $\sqrt { t }$ 
D)  t2 
A)  t 
B)  Cohen's d 
C)  $\sqrt { t }$ 
D)  t2

Question 5

Focused comparisons of more than two conditions are also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  contrasts. 
B)  omnibus F tests. 
C)  tests of simple effects. 
D)  lambda coefficients. 
A)  contrasts. 
B)  omnibus F tests. 
C)  tests of simple effects. 
D)  lambda coefficients.

Question 6

Computing a one-way ANOVA, Janet learns that there is a significant difference among the four groups in her study. To reveal precisely which group or groups differ from the rest, she must

Accepted Answer

A)  construct a BESD. 
B)  do tests of simple effects. 
C)  calculate the effect sizes and corresponding confidence intervals. 
D)  compute another ANOVA. 
A)  construct a BESD. 
B)  do tests of simple effects. 
C)  calculate the effect sizes and corresponding confidence intervals. 
D)  compute another ANOVA.

Question 7

Why is the F test considered to be a test that analyzes variances rather than a test that analyzes means?

Accepted Answer

The F test is considered to be a test th

Question 8

How is the "signal-to-noise" analogy applicable to understanding the logic behind F tests?

Accepted Answer

The "signal-to-noise" analogy can be app

Question 9

Why are effect sizes not calculated for F ratios that have more than 1 df in the numerator?

Accepted Answer

Effect sizes are statistical measures th

Question 10

In John's experiment, there are three different conditions with five subjects per condition. What are the degrees of freedom within-conditions for this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  14 
C)  12 
D)  15 
A)  2 
B)  14 
C)  12 
D)  15

Question 11

Variance is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the F ratio. 
B)  the sum of squares. 
C)  the mean square. 
D)  the standard deviation. 
A)  the F ratio. 
B)  the sum of squares. 
C)  the mean square. 
D)  the standard deviation.

Question 12

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations from the grand mean for all of the scores.

Accepted Answer

A)  total 
B)  between-conditions 
C)  within-conditions 
D)  grand 
A)  total 
B)  between-conditions 
C)  within-conditions 
D)  grand

Question 13

Designs that require participants to be measured more than once in order to answer the research question are referred to as __________ research.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonintrinsically repeated measures 
B)  omnibus statistical procedures 
C)  focused statistical procedures 
D)  intrinsically repeated measures 
A)  nonintrinsically repeated measures 
B)  omnibus statistical procedures 
C)  focused statistical procedures 
D)  intrinsically repeated measures

Question 14

What is the difference between effect size rs, contrast rs, and alerting rs?

Accepted Answer

Effect size rs, contrast rs, and alertin

Question 15

Error is considered to be the deviation of a score from the

Accepted Answer

A)  grand mean. 
B)  mean of the condition. 
C)  mean of the row. 
D)  mean of the column. 
A)  grand mean. 
B)  mean of the condition. 
C)  mean of the row. 
D)  mean of the column.

Question 16

What does the "sum of squares" represent? How is this related to the "mean square"?

Accepted Answer

The "sum of squares" represents the tota

Question 17

F is intrinsically a __________ test of significance.

Accepted Answer

A)  precise 
B)  one-tailed 
C)  two-tailed 
D)  preferable 
A)  precise 
B)  one-tailed 
C)  two-tailed 
D)  preferable

Question 18

The F ratio is determined by dividing the __________ mean square by the __________ mean square.

Accepted Answer

A)  total conditions; between-conditions 
B)  within-conditions; between-conditions 
C)  within-conditions; total conditions 
D)  between-conditions; within-conditions 
A)  total conditions; between-conditions 
B)  within-conditions; between-conditions 
C)  within-conditions; total conditions 
D)  between-conditions; within-conditions

Question 19

A research design in which there are two levels for each of two factors is known as a(n) __________ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  one-way 
B)  simple effects 
C)  two-way 
D)  interaction 
A)  one-way 
B)  simple effects 
C)  two-way 
D)  interaction

Question 20

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations of the individual measurements from their condition means.

Accepted Answer

A)  error 
B)  within-conditions 
C)  total 
D)  between-conditions 
A)  error 
B)  within-conditions 
C)  total 
D)  between-conditions

What does error represent in the analysis of variance?

In order to increase the statistical power of her study, Judy decides that she will administer several treatments to each of her subjects. Judy is using __________ research in order to address her question of interest.

The F ratio will usually have a value close to 1.0 when the variation between treatment conditions is __________ the variation within the treatment conditions.

In an analysis of variance comparing two groups, the resulting F value is equal to

Focused comparisons of more than two conditions are also known as

Computing a one-way ANOVA, Janet learns that there is a significant difference among the four groups in her study. To reveal precisely which group or groups differ from the rest, she must

Why is the F test considered to be a test that analyzes variances rather than a test that analyzes means?

How is the "signal-to-noise" analogy applicable to understanding the logic behind F tests?

Why are effect sizes not calculated for F ratios that have more than 1 df in the numerator?

In John's experiment, there are three different conditions with five subjects per condition. What are the degrees of freedom within-conditions for this experiment?

Variance is also known as

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations from the grand mean for all of the scores.

Designs that require participants to be measured more than once in order to answer the research question are referred to as __________ research.

What is the difference between effect size rs, contrast rs, and alerting rs?

Error is considered to be the deviation of a score from the

What does the "sum of squares" represent? How is this related to the "mean square"?

F is intrinsically a __________ test of significance.

The F ratio is determined by dividing the mean square by the mean square.

A research design in which there are two levels for each of two factors is known as a(n) __________ design.

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations of the individual measurements from their condition means.

Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method

From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses

Ethical Considerations and Guidelines

Carpenter, S 1998 Content Analysis Project for Research Novices Teaching of Psychology

Methods for Looking Within Ourselves

Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research

Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference

Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning

Survey Research and Subject Recruitment

Summarizing the Data

Correlating Variables

Understanding P Values and Effect Size Indicators

The Comparison of Two Conditions

The Analysis of Frequency Tables

Filters

Exam 14: Comparisons of More Than Two Conditions

What does error represent in the analysis of variance?

In order to increase the statistical power of her study, Judy decides that she will administer several treatments to each of her subjects. Judy is using __________ research in order to address her question of interest.

The F ratio will usually have a value close to 1.0 when the variation between treatment conditions is __________ the variation within the treatment conditions.

In an analysis of variance comparing two groups, the resulting F value is equal to

Focused comparisons of more than two conditions are also known as

Computing a one-way ANOVA, Janet learns that there is a significant difference among the four groups in her study. To reveal precisely which group or groups differ from the rest, she must

Why is the F test considered to be a test that analyzes variances rather than a test that analyzes means?

How is the "signal-to-noise" analogy applicable to understanding the logic behind F tests?

Why are effect sizes not calculated for F ratios that have more than 1 df in the numerator?

In John's experiment, there are three different conditions with five subjects per condition. What are the degrees of freedom within-conditions for this experiment?

Variance is also known as

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations from the grand mean for all of the scores.

Designs that require participants to be measured more than once in order to answer the research question are referred to as __________ research.

What is the difference between effect size rs, contrast rs, and alerting rs?

Error is considered to be the deviation of a score from the

What does the "sum of squares" represent? How is this related to the "mean square"?

F is intrinsically a __________ test of significance.

The F ratio is determined by dividing the __________ mean square by the __________ mean square.

A research design in which there are two levels for each of two factors is known as a(n) __________ design.

The __________ SS is defined as the sum of squares of deviations of the individual measurements from their condition means.

Behavioral Research and the Scientific Method

From Hunches to Testable Hypotheses

Ethical Considerations and Guidelines

Carpenter, S 1998 Content Analysis Project for Research Novices Teaching of Psychology

Methods for Looking Within Ourselves

Reliability and Validity in Measurement and Research

Randomized Experiments and Causal Inference

Nonrandomized Research and Causal Reasoning

Survey Research and Subject Recruitment

Summarizing the Data

Correlating Variables

Understanding P Values and Effect Size Indicators

The Comparison of Two Conditions

The Analysis of Frequency Tables

Filters

The F ratio is determined by dividing the mean square by the mean square.