Question 1

Explain how a person detects gravitational equilibrium.

Accepted Answer

Within the vestibule are the utricle and saccule. Both sacs contain tiny hair cells that have stereocilia embedded within a gelatinous material called the otolithic membrane. Calcium carbonate granules (otoliths) rest on the membrane. When the head is turned the otoliths move. The utricle detects the movement of the otoliths when the head is moved back and forth. The saccule detects the movement of the otoliths when the head is moved up and down. It is the movement of the otoliths against the stereocilia that stimulate the nerve fiber and send the impulse to the brain to indicate that the head has changed position.

Question 2

From what you currently know, in a spacecraft at a point of weightlessness, which effect is most likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rotational equilibrium would be lacking and you could not detect head movement. 
B)  Gravitational equilibrium would be altered since the otoliths would not be pulled down by gravity. 
C)  Without gravity, there would be no vertigo. 
D)  All balance systems would work similar to being on Earth with normal gravity. 
E)  There would be absolutely no sense of balance signals without gravity. 
A)  Rotational equilibrium would be lacking and you could not detect head movement. 
B)  Gravitational equilibrium would be altered since the otoliths would not be pulled down by gravity. 
C)  Without gravity, there would be no vertigo. 
D)  All balance systems would work similar to being on Earth with normal gravity. 
E)  There would be absolutely no sense of balance signals without gravity. B

Question 3

Which statement about taste receptors is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taste receptors are chemoreceptors. 
B)  Taste receptors are located within taste buds in humans. 
C)  Taste receptors are found only on the tongue in animals. 
D)  Taste receptors recognize sweet, sour, bitter, and salty sensations. 
E)  Taste receptors generate nerve impulses in associated sensory nerve fibers. 
A)  Taste receptors are chemoreceptors. 
B)  Taste receptors are located within taste buds in humans. 
C)  Taste receptors are found only on the tongue in animals. 
D)  Taste receptors recognize sweet, sour, bitter, and salty sensations. 
E)  Taste receptors generate nerve impulses in associated sensory nerve fibers. C

Question 4

Which of the following best describes sensory transduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The conversion of a stimulus into a nerve impulse by using a receptor. 
B)  The conversion of a nerve impulse into a stimulus by using a receptor. 
C)  The detection of an environmental stimulus by a nerve receptor. 
D)  The analysis of a nerve impulse by the brain. 
A)  The conversion of a stimulus into a nerve impulse by using a receptor. 
B)  The conversion of a nerve impulse into a stimulus by using a receptor. 
C)  The detection of an environmental stimulus by a nerve receptor. 
D)  The analysis of a nerve impulse by the brain.

Question 5

Explain the steps required for the sense of taste to reach the brain.

Accepted Answer

Various molecules enter into the mouth a

Question 6

If a fish suffers from a fungal skin infection that causes the cupula to become blocked, what will occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. If the cilia do not bend in response to the water it will not initiate a nerve impulse and the fish will lose the ability to detect nearby objects. 
B)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. If the cilia do not bend in response to the water it will over stimulate the nerve impulses and the fish will lose the ability to detect nearby objects. 
C)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. The fungal infection would then be allowed to enter into the bloodstream through the cupula. 
D)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from maintaining its normal upright position. If the cilia do not stay upright it will not be able to initiate a nerve impulse and they will lose the ability to detect nearby objects. 
A)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. If the cilia do not bend in response to the water it will not initiate a nerve impulse and the fish will lose the ability to detect nearby objects. 
B)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. If the cilia do not bend in response to the water it will over stimulate the nerve impulses and the fish will lose the ability to detect nearby objects. 
C)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from bending. The fungal infection would then be allowed to enter into the bloodstream through the cupula. 
D)  Water will not be able to enter the cupula which would prevent the cilia from maintaining its normal upright position. If the cilia do not stay upright it will not be able to initiate a nerve impulse and they will lose the ability to detect nearby objects.

Question 7

Which statement most accurately describes how we interpret the sensation of taste?

Accepted Answer

A)  The taste buds contain microvilli that project into the taste pore. The molecules bind to receptor proteins located on the microvilli which send a nerve impulse to the brain for interpretation. 
B)  The taste buds contain receptor proteins that are located on the tongue. The molecules bind to receptor proteins which send a nerve impulse to the brain for interpretation. 
C)  The taste buds contain microvilli that project into the taste pore. The molecules bind to receptor proteins located on the microvilli which send a nerve impulse to the spinal cord for interpretation. 
D)  The tongue moves molecules into the mouth so that the sinuses can detect the various scents. This information is then sent to the brain for interpretation. 
E)  None of these describe how we interpret taste. 
A)  The taste buds contain microvilli that project into the taste pore. The molecules bind to receptor proteins located on the microvilli which send a nerve impulse to the brain for interpretation. 
B)  The taste buds contain receptor proteins that are located on the tongue. The molecules bind to receptor proteins which send a nerve impulse to the brain for interpretation. 
C)  The taste buds contain microvilli that project into the taste pore. The molecules bind to receptor proteins located on the microvilli which send a nerve impulse to the spinal cord for interpretation. 
D)  The tongue moves molecules into the mouth so that the sinuses can detect the various scents. This information is then sent to the brain for interpretation. 
E)  None of these describe how we interpret taste.

Question 8

Which cutaneous receptors are sensitive to pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings 
B)  Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles 
C)  Ruffini endings and Merkel disks 
D)  Root hair plexus and Krause end bulbs 
E)  Krause end bulbs and Merkel disks 
A)  Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings 
B)  Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles 
C)  Ruffini endings and Merkel disks 
D)  Root hair plexus and Krause end bulbs 
E)  Krause end bulbs and Merkel disks

Question 9

Mail-order catalogs often advertise a device for repelling irritating insects. One device has a frequency range from 30,000 to 65,000 cycles per second (Hz). Humans hear from roughly 50 to 15,000 cycles per second. In designing an experiment to determine if this device actually does repel a certain insect, what question(s) should you ask?

Accepted Answer

A)  Is the target insect able to perceive a sound between these frequencies? 
B)  Does the insect approach this sound device at a rate higher than random chance? 
C)  Does the insect move away from this sound device at a rate higher than random chance? 
D)  Does the insect produce any sounds within this range that would lead to a biological function to perceiving such frequencies? 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  Is the target insect able to perceive a sound between these frequencies? 
B)  Does the insect approach this sound device at a rate higher than random chance? 
C)  Does the insect move away from this sound device at a rate higher than random chance? 
D)  Does the insect produce any sounds within this range that would lead to a biological function to perceiving such frequencies? 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

Identify the labeled structures that are involved in olfaction. Briefly describe the function of each structure.   
A: _____
B: _____
C: _____

Accepted Answer

A: frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere:

Question 11

All of the following statements about sensory receptors are true EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory receptors monitor the internal environment of the body. 
B)  chemoreception is believed to be a primitive sense in animals. 
C)  sensory receptors for taste are found in the nose and mouth. 
D)  the retina of the eye contains photoreceptors that are sensitive to light. 
E)  photoreceptors include rod and cone cells. 
A)  sensory receptors monitor the internal environment of the body. 
B)  chemoreception is believed to be a primitive sense in animals. 
C)  sensory receptors for taste are found in the nose and mouth. 
D)  the retina of the eye contains photoreceptors that are sensitive to light. 
E)  photoreceptors include rod and cone cells.

Question 12

Which of the following lists of ear structures are all membranous structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  ossicles, tympanic membrane, oval window, otoliths 
B)  cochlea, ampulla 
C)  tympanic membrane, oval window, round window 
D)  malleus, incus, stapes 
E)  tympanic membrane, oval window, stapes 
A)  ossicles, tympanic membrane, oval window, otoliths 
B)  cochlea, ampulla 
C)  tympanic membrane, oval window, round window 
D)  malleus, incus, stapes 
E)  tympanic membrane, oval window, stapes

Question 13

An individual who works in construction and is exposed to years of loud noises, below 75 decibels, will most likely develop a decease in hearing function. The structures that are damaged are the ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stereocilia of the spiral organ 
B)  organ of Corti 
C)  auditory canal 
D)  tympanic membrane 
E)  round window 
A)  stereocilia of the spiral organ 
B)  organ of Corti 
C)  auditory canal 
D)  tympanic membrane 
E)  round window

Question 14

In nearsightedness, light rays are brought into focus

Accepted Answer

A)  in front of the retina. 
B)  in back of the retina. 
C)  on the retina. 
D)  on the hair cells of the ampulla. 
E)  unevenly across the retina. 
A)  in front of the retina. 
B)  in back of the retina. 
C)  on the retina. 
D)  on the hair cells of the ampulla. 
E)  unevenly across the retina.

Question 15

Why do snakes flick their tongue when they see potential prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are trying to bring scent molecules into the mouth so the Jacobson's organs can decipher them. 
B)  They are trying to detect the various scent molecules with their tongue. 
C)  Snakes use tongue flicking as a means of communication. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  They are trying to bring scent molecules into the mouth so the Jacobson's organs can decipher them. 
B)  They are trying to detect the various scent molecules with their tongue. 
C)  Snakes use tongue flicking as a means of communication. 
D)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following structures function(s) to bend light rays?

Accepted Answer

A)  choroid 
B)  rods and cones 
C)  ciliary body 
D)  lens and cornea 
E)  iris and vitreous humor 
A)  choroid 
B)  rods and cones 
C)  ciliary body 
D)  lens and cornea 
E)  iris and vitreous humor

Question 17

Which of the following structures would be impacted by a bacterial infection of the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

A)  semicircular canal, cochlear nerve, malleus, and vestibular nerve 
B)  semicircular canal, tympanic membrane, ear lobe, and vestibular nerve 
C)  auditory canal, cochlear nerve, malleus, and vestibular nerve 
D)  pinna, stapes, vestibule, and cochlear nerve 
A)  semicircular canal, cochlear nerve, malleus, and vestibular nerve 
B)  semicircular canal, tympanic membrane, ear lobe, and vestibular nerve 
C)  auditory canal, cochlear nerve, malleus, and vestibular nerve 
D)  pinna, stapes, vestibule, and cochlear nerve

Question 18

The photoreceptors of the eye are located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  retina. 
B)  optic nerve. 
C)  choroid layer. 
D)  sclera. 
E)  organ of Corti. 
A)  retina. 
B)  optic nerve. 
C)  choroid layer. 
D)  sclera. 
E)  organ of Corti.

Question 19

The _____ of the retina, which is responsible for acute vision, has densely packed cone cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  tectorial membrane 
B)  otolith 
C)  fovea centralis 
D)  blind spot 
E)  ampulla 
A)  tectorial membrane 
B)  otolith 
C)  fovea centralis 
D)  blind spot 
E)  ampulla

Question 20

The crayfish has a cavity or "statocysts" lined with sensory setae or hairs. A grain in the cavity is pulled downward by gravity; the pressure against the bottom hairs of the cavity gives the crayfish a perception of being upright and, when it changes orientation, the grain touches side hairs that make it realize it is not upright. Thus the crayfish "knows" which way is up in the dark. This sense is most closely related in function to the human sense of

Accepted Answer

A)  hot and cold. 
B)  hearing. 
C)  smell. 
D)  sight. 
E)  balance. 
A)  hot and cold. 
B)  hearing. 
C)  smell. 
D)  sight. 
E)  balance.

Exam 38: Sense Organs

Explain how a person detects gravitational equilibrium.

From what you currently know, in a spacecraft at a point of weightlessness, which effect is most likely?

Which statement about taste receptors is NOT true?

Which of the following best describes sensory transduction?

Explain the steps required for the sense of taste to reach the brain.

If a fish suffers from a fungal skin infection that causes the cupula to become blocked, what will occur?

Which statement most accurately describes how we interpret the sensation of taste?

Which cutaneous receptors are sensitive to pressure?

Identify the labeled structures that are involved in olfaction. Briefly describe the function of each structure. A: _____ B: _____ C: _____

All of the following statements about sensory receptors are true EXCEPT

Which of the following lists of ear structures are all membranous structures?

An individual who works in construction and is exposed to years of loud noises, below 75 decibels, will most likely develop a decease in hearing function. The structures that are damaged are the ______________.

In nearsightedness, light rays are brought into focus

Why do snakes flick their tongue when they see potential prey?

Which of the following structures function(s) to bend light rays?

Which of the following structures would be impacted by a bacterial infection of the inner ear?

The photoreceptors of the eye are located in the

The _____ of the retina, which is responsible for acute vision, has densely packed cone cells.

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Filters

Identify the labeled structures that are involved in olfaction. Briefly describe the function of each structure. A: ___ B: _ C: ___