Question 1

Explain the function of each of the following structures in regards to muscle contraction: actin filaments, Ca+ ions, myosin filaments and ATP.

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments - slide past the myosin causing the contraction.
Ca⁺ ions - are needed for the myosin to bind to the actin.
Myosin filaments - pull actin filaments by means of crossbridges, also split ATP
ATP - supply the energy for the muscle contraction

Question 2

What molecule is used to anaerobically regenerate ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADP 
B)  glucose 
C)  lactate 
D)  creatine phosphate 
E)  tropomyosin 
A)  ADP 
B)  glucose 
C)  lactate 
D)  creatine phosphate 
E)  tropomyosin D

Question 3

Explain the difference between the functions of the osteoblasts and osteocytes?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblasts are known as the bone forming cells that will deposit calcium salts into the matrix of the cartilaginous skeleton. This process is known as endochondral ossification. Osteocytes are osteoblasts that have been converted. These cells live within the lacunae of the osteons where they play a role in the timing and location of bone remodeling.

Question 4

If Ca+ is restricted to a muscle cell, what are the potential consequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  The myosin head would not be able to bind to the actin filament. 
B)  The myosin filament would not slide past the actin filament causing a contraction. 
C)  ATP is not split causing the release of energy. 
D)  All of these are potential consequences. 
E)  None of these are potential consequences. 
A)  The myosin head would not be able to bind to the actin filament. 
B)  The myosin filament would not slide past the actin filament causing a contraction. 
C)  ATP is not split causing the release of energy. 
D)  All of these are potential consequences. 
E)  None of these are potential consequences.

Question 5

Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the

Accepted Answer

A)  A band. 
B)  Z line. 
C)  H zone. 
D)  I band. 
E)  M band. 
A)  A band. 
B)  Z line. 
C)  H zone. 
D)  I band. 
E)  M band.

Question 6

Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft.

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium ions 
B)  calcium ions 
C)  ATP 
D)  creatine phosphate 
E)  acetylcholine 
A)  sodium ions 
B)  calcium ions 
C)  ATP 
D)  creatine phosphate 
E)  acetylcholine

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the nature of bone is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bone is active, growing tissue with an extensive blood supply. 
B)  Bone is similar to cartilage, nearly inert, and with little blood supply. 
C)  Bone is active and living when formed by osteoblast but dies after it hardens. 
D)  Bone is nonliving calcium deposits and removing bone is a bloodless operation. 
E)  The outer compact bone is nonliving calcium, but the bone marrow is active living tissue. 
A)  Bone is active, growing tissue with an extensive blood supply. 
B)  Bone is similar to cartilage, nearly inert, and with little blood supply. 
C)  Bone is active and living when formed by osteoblast but dies after it hardens. 
D)  Bone is nonliving calcium deposits and removing bone is a bloodless operation. 
E)  The outer compact bone is nonliving calcium, but the bone marrow is active living tissue.

Question 8

In crowded Asian regions such as Hong Kong, there is not enough room for cemeteries. However, the dead can be temporarily buried and their bones can later be exhumed and stored in an ossarium, a wall made of small concrete boxes (about eight inches by eight inches by two feet long) just large enough to contain all the human bones. These dimensions are defined by the __________ which is the longest bone and the ________ which is the bone with the largest volume in the human body.

Accepted Answer

A)  humerus; vertebrae 
B)  femur; skull 
C)  vertebrae; pelvis 
D)  radius; scapula 
E)  clavicle; metatarsals 
A)  humerus; vertebrae 
B)  femur; skull 
C)  vertebrae; pelvis 
D)  radius; scapula 
E)  clavicle; metatarsals

Question 9

When a person straightens their arm out they are flexing the triceps brachii. During this movement the triceps is referred to as the _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  agonist 
B)  antagonist 
C)  tendon 
D)  all of these 
E)  none of these 
A)  agonist 
B)  antagonist 
C)  tendon 
D)  all of these 
E)  none of these

Question 10

In muscle innervation motor nerve fibers signal muscle movement from the region called the neuromuscular junction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The type of bone tissue that is found in the middle portion of a long bone and has lacunae arranged in concentric circles around central canals that contain blood vessels and nerves is

Accepted Answer

A)  spongy bone. 
B)  compact bone. 
C)  red marrow. 
D)  yellow marrow. 
E)  fibrous membrane. 
A)  spongy bone. 
B)  compact bone. 
C)  red marrow. 
D)  yellow marrow. 
E)  fibrous membrane.

Question 12

___ will take calcium from the blood, whereas ___ will deposit calcium into the blood.

Accepted Answer

A)  Osteoclasts; osteoblasts 
B)  Osteocytes; osteoclasts 
C)  Osteocytes; osteoblasts 
D)  Osteoblasts, osteocytes 
E)  Osteoblasts; osteoclasts 
A)  Osteoclasts; osteoblasts 
B)  Osteocytes; osteoclasts 
C)  Osteocytes; osteoblasts 
D)  Osteoblasts, osteocytes 
E)  Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Question 13

What is the correct order that a motor nerve impulse travels when triggering a muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin 
B)  motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin-sarcoplasmic reticulum 
C)  motor nerve-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin 
D)  motor nerve-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-troponin 
E)  motor nerve-sarcolemma-synaptic cleft-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin 
A)  motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin 
B)  motor nerve-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin-sarcoplasmic reticulum 
C)  motor nerve-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-sarcolemma-troponin 
D)  motor nerve-sarcolemma-sarcoplasmic reticulum-synaptic cleft-troponin 
E)  motor nerve-sarcolemma-synaptic cleft-sarcoplasmic reticulum-troponin

Question 14

One of the major functions of the skeletal system is to store long term sources of energy for the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following hormones stimulate osteoblasts to form bone?

Accepted Answer

A)  erythropoietin 
B)  parathyroid hormone 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  sex hormones 
E)  Both growth and sex hormones 
A)  erythropoietin 
B)  parathyroid hormone 
C)  growth hormone 
D)  sex hormones 
E)  Both growth and sex hormones

Question 16

_____ provides the energy for muscle contraction.

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP 
B)  ADP 
C)  Creatine phosphate 
D)  Lactate 
E)  Glycogen 
A)  ATP 
B)  ADP 
C)  Creatine phosphate 
D)  Lactate 
E)  Glycogen

Question 17

Which of the following structures attaches muscle to the bone?

Accepted Answer

A)  ligaments 
B)  joints 
C)  tendons 
D)  adipose tissue 
E)  sarcomere 
A)  ligaments 
B)  joints 
C)  tendons 
D)  adipose tissue 
E)  sarcomere

Question 18

Which of the following functions is NOT a function of the human skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

A)  protects internal organs 
B)  acts as a storage site for calcium and phosphorus ions 
C)  acts as the site of blood cell production in adults 
D)  acts as a structure against which muscles can contract 
E)  provides the ATP for muscles to use in contraction 
A)  protects internal organs 
B)  acts as a storage site for calcium and phosphorus ions 
C)  acts as the site of blood cell production in adults 
D)  acts as a structure against which muscles can contract 
E)  provides the ATP for muscles to use in contraction

Question 19

Damage to the matrix of a bone can result in which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be a decrease in calcium phosphate resulting in a decrease in calcium and phosphate ions. 
B)  There will be a decrease in potassium resulting in a decrease in bone strength. 
C)  There will be a decrease in the production of white blood cells. 
D)  The attachment point for muscles will not be as strong resulting in more injuries. 
E)  None of these are complications associated with damage to the matrix of the bone. 
A)  There will be a decrease in calcium phosphate resulting in a decrease in calcium and phosphate ions. 
B)  There will be a decrease in potassium resulting in a decrease in bone strength. 
C)  There will be a decrease in the production of white blood cells. 
D)  The attachment point for muscles will not be as strong resulting in more injuries. 
E)  None of these are complications associated with damage to the matrix of the bone.

Question 20

An oxygen debt occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  there is too much oxygen in the muscle tissues. 
B)  ATP is depleted, and the body starts to use creatine phosphate to supply new ATP. 
C)  ATP is depleted, and the body starts breaking down actin and myosin to allow muscle contraction to occur. 
D)  there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration, and the body must use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  there is too much oxygen in the muscle tissues. 
B)  ATP is depleted, and the body starts to use creatine phosphate to supply new ATP. 
C)  ATP is depleted, and the body starts breaking down actin and myosin to allow muscle contraction to occur. 
D)  there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration, and the body must use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Exam 39: Locomotion and Support Systems

Explain the function of each of the following structures in regards to muscle contraction: actin filaments, Ca+ ions, myosin filaments and ATP.

What molecule is used to anaerobically regenerate ATP?

Explain the difference between the functions of the osteoblasts and osteocytes?

If Ca+ is restricted to a muscle cell, what are the potential consequences?

Actin and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region called the

Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft.

Which of the following statements about the nature of bone is true?

When a person straightens their arm out they are flexing the triceps brachii. During this movement the triceps is referred to as the _________.

In muscle innervation motor nerve fibers signal muscle movement from the region called the neuromuscular junction.

The type of bone tissue that is found in the middle portion of a long bone and has lacunae arranged in concentric circles around central canals that contain blood vessels and nerves is

___ will take calcium from the blood, whereas ___ will deposit calcium into the blood.

What is the correct order that a motor nerve impulse travels when triggering a muscle contraction?

One of the major functions of the skeletal system is to store long term sources of energy for the body.

Which of the following hormones stimulate osteoblasts to form bone?

_____ provides the energy for muscle contraction.

Which of the following structures attaches muscle to the bone?

Which of the following functions is NOT a function of the human skeletal system?

Damage to the matrix of a bone can result in which of the following complications?

An oxygen debt occurs when

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Explain the function of each of the following structures in regards to muscle contraction: actin filaments, Ca⁺ ions, myosin filaments and ATP.

If Ca⁺ is restricted to a muscle cell, what are the potential consequences?

_ will take calcium from the blood, whereas _ will deposit calcium into the blood.