Question 1

A great deal of early research on judgment and decision-making was:

Accepted Answer

A) archival research 
B) single-variable research 
C) public opinion research 
D) observational research 
A) archival research 
B) single-variable research 
C) public opinion research 
D) observational research B

Question 2

Occasionally a researcher will make use of highly sophisticated sampling techniques and still draw incorrect conclusions about the properties of a population.This is possible because of:

Accepted Answer

A) sampling error 
B) the problem of induction 
C) clustering 
D) an operational confound 
A) sampling error 
B) the problem of induction 
C) clustering 
D) an operational confound A

Question 3

Archival research refers to research in which investigators:

Accepted Answer

A) make their data available to the public for replication and critical analysis 
B) use field methods with the goal of extending research to new populations 
C) borrow data from other researchers that they then combine with their own data 
D) examine naturally existing public records to test a theory or hypothesis 
A) make their data available to the public for replication and critical analysis 
B) use field methods with the goal of extending research to new populations 
C) borrow data from other researchers that they then combine with their own data 
D) examine naturally existing public records to test a theory or hypothesis D

Question 4

Tulving's case study of K.C.(the man with an extreme form of amnesia)suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A) people can possess a clear sense of what traits they possess without being able to remember any specific thing they have ever done 
B) people can remember episodic information without having any memory for semantic information 
C) human memory is organized into a basic perceptual vs.cognitive dichotomy 
D) long term memory can be destroyed without any loss of short-term memory 
A) people can possess a clear sense of what traits they possess without being able to remember any specific thing they have ever done 
B) people can remember episodic information without having any memory for semantic information 
C) human memory is organized into a basic perceptual vs.cognitive dichotomy 
D) long term memory can be destroyed without any loss of short-term memory

Question 5

In a study of divorce rates in different U.S.states,Frankie observed strong correlations between crime rates and divorce rates (e.g. ,divorce rates are higher in states with higher crime rates).Based on these results,Frankie concluded that crime causes divorce.Which of the following represents a potential environmental confound in Frankie's study?

Accepted Answer

A) people who watch a lot of aggressive television are more likely to commit crimes 
B) people who are more aggressive are more likely to commit crimes 
C) the average temperature varies greatly from state to state 
D) the proportion of urban residents varies greatly from state to state 
A) people who watch a lot of aggressive television are more likely to commit crimes 
B) people who are more aggressive are more likely to commit crimes 
C) the average temperature varies greatly from state to state 
D) the proportion of urban residents varies greatly from state to state

Question 6

Using conventional probability values,what would it mean if a survey finding that shows that 75% of American college students own a laptop has a 4% margin of error?

Accepted Answer

A) We are 95% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%. 
B) We are 91% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%. 
C) We are 95% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%,plus or minus 4%. 
D) We are 75% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 95%. 
A) We are 95% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%. 
B) We are 91% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%. 
C) We are 95% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 75%,plus or minus 4%. 
D) We are 75% sure that the actual proportion of American college students that own a laptop is 95%.

Question 7

Which of the following is not usually an example of single-variable research?

Accepted Answer

A) archival research 
B) public opinion research 
C) research on judgment and decision-making 
D) epidemiological research 
A) archival research 
B) public opinion research 
C) research on judgment and decision-making 
D) epidemiological research

Question 8

Obtaining a representati_____ is one of the most important factors in conducting a single-variable research.

Accepted Answer

A) measurement 
B) participant 
C) population 
D) sample 
A) measurement 
B) participant 
C) population 
D) sample

Question 9

Instead of doing marketing research on people's fishing behavior,Billy Jay simply asked some of his fishing buddies how many days they thought the average person spent fishing each year.As a result,Billy Jay greatly overestimated the size of the market for his fishing tackle business.This shortcoming in Billy Jay's assessment is probably grounded in:

Accepted Answer

A) spreading of alternatives 
B) miscalibration 
C) nonresponse bias 
D) false consensus 
A) spreading of alternatives 
B) miscalibration 
C) nonresponse bias 
D) false consensus

Question 10

If it is impossible to conduct experimental research on a topic,what do good researchers usually try to do to reduce confounds in correlational research?

Accepted Answer

A) search the research literature for independent replications of their findings 
B) measure and statistically control for likely confounds 
C) use statistics that can uncover time sequences in cross-sectional data 
D) choose dependent measures that are not prone to confounds 
A) search the research literature for independent replications of their findings 
B) measure and statistically control for likely confounds 
C) use statistics that can uncover time sequences in cross-sectional data 
D) choose dependent measures that are not prone to confounds

Question 11

The most important difference between case studies and casual (unscientific)analyses of behavior is that case studies:

Accepted Answer

A) are usually conducted with the goal of theory construction or theory testing 
B) usually supplement casual analyses with statistical analyses 
C) rely on careful scientific measurements and report only observable states 
D) are based on converging evidence taken from multiple research participants 
A) are usually conducted with the goal of theory construction or theory testing 
B) usually supplement casual analyses with statistical analyses 
C) rely on careful scientific measurements and report only observable states 
D) are based on converging evidence taken from multiple research participants

Question 12

What is usually the best kind of observational research?

Accepted Answer

A) archival measurement 
B) case study 
C) unobtrusive observations 
D) census 
A) archival measurement 
B) case study 
C) unobtrusive observations 
D) census

Question 13

According to the text,an operational confound occurs when a measure:

Accepted Answer

A) fails to assess some of the features that define a construct 
B) assesses another construct (in addition to what the researcher intended to measure) 
C) assesses a construct whose causes are poorly understood 
D) does not make sense to some of the participants in a study 
A) fails to assess some of the features that define a construct 
B) assesses another construct (in addition to what the researcher intended to measure) 
C) assesses a construct whose causes are poorly understood 
D) does not make sense to some of the participants in a study

Question 14

Which of the following best describes cluster sampling?

Accepted Answer

A) People who possess some specific background characteristic are sampled. 
B) People are sampled using groupings from a larger population. 
C) People are selected on the basis of convenience to the researcher. 
D) All or almost all of the members of a population are sampled. 
A) People who possess some specific background characteristic are sampled. 
B) People are sampled using groupings from a larger population. 
C) People are selected on the basis of convenience to the researcher. 
D) All or almost all of the members of a population are sampled.

Question 15

Maria Elena conducted a study of depressive symptoms and self-esteem.She found that people who were low in self-esteem were more likely to suffer from depression.She would like to argue that low self-esteem contributes to depression.What prevents her from being able to make a strong claim of this sort?

Accepted Answer

A) the person confound problem 
B) the multi-causality problem 
C) the concurrent measurement problem 
D) all of these prevent her from making a strong claim 
A) the person confound problem 
B) the multi-causality problem 
C) the concurrent measurement problem 
D) all of these prevent her from making a strong claim

Question 16

_________ allows researchers to draw reasonable inferences about large groups of people on the basis of a relatively small sample.

Accepted Answer

A) debriefing 
B) convenience sample 
C) census 
D) population survey 
A) debriefing 
B) convenience sample 
C) census 
D) population survey

Question 17

Marketing research is a specific form of:

Accepted Answer

A) audience sampling research 
B) archival research 
C) observational research 
D) public opinion research 
A) audience sampling research 
B) archival research 
C) observational research 
D) public opinion research

Question 18

The stories of Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner (two different people who each endured extremely long periods of sleep deprivation)suggest that:

Accepted Answer

A) extreme sleep deprivation invariably leads to a very specific set of symptoms (e.g. ,hallucinations,breakdowns in judgment) 
B) an advantage of case studies is that a lot of general information about human beings can be gathered from studying only one or two people 
C) a drawback of case studies is that different case studies often yield different results 
D) case studies often fail to use basic safeguards against biased observations 
A) extreme sleep deprivation invariably leads to a very specific set of symptoms (e.g. ,hallucinations,breakdowns in judgment) 
B) an advantage of case studies is that a lot of general information about human beings can be gathered from studying only one or two people 
C) a drawback of case studies is that different case studies often yield different results 
D) case studies often fail to use basic safeguards against biased observations

Question 19

Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person or group are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) archival studies 
B) singular studies 
C) case studies 
D) delineation studies 
A) archival studies 
B) singular studies 
C) case studies 
D) delineation studies

Question 20

Early research on the conjunction fallacy is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A) archival research 
B) research on judgment and decision-making 
C) observational research 
D) survey or interview research 
A) archival research 
B) research on judgment and decision-making 
C) observational research 
D) survey or interview research

A great deal of early research on judgment and decision-making was:

Occasionally a researcher will make use of highly sophisticated sampling techniques and still draw incorrect conclusions about the properties of a population.This is possible because of:

Archival research refers to research in which investigators:

Tulving's case study of K.C.(the man with an extreme form of amnesia)suggests that:

Using conventional probability values,what would it mean if a survey finding that shows that 75% of American college students own a laptop has a 4% margin of error?

Which of the following is not usually an example of single-variable research?

Obtaining a representati_____ is one of the most important factors in conducting a single-variable research.

If it is impossible to conduct experimental research on a topic,what do good researchers usually try to do to reduce confounds in correlational research?

The most important difference between case studies and casual (unscientific)analyses of behavior is that case studies:

What is usually the best kind of observational research?

According to the text,an operational confound occurs when a measure:

Which of the following best describes cluster sampling?

_________ allows researchers to draw reasonable inferences about large groups of people on the basis of a relatively small sample.

Marketing research is a specific form of:

The stories of Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner (two different people who each endured extremely long periods of sleep deprivation)suggest that:

Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person or group are referred to as:

Early research on the conjunction fallacy is best described as:

How Do We Know

How Do We Find Out

Moving From Fact to Truth: Validity, Reliability, and Measurement

Moving From Notions to Numbers: Psychological Measurement

How Do We Misinterpret

Experience Carefully Planned: Experimental Research Designs

Experience Carefully Exploited: Quasi-Experimental Research Designs

Choosing the Right Research Design

A Brief Course in Statistics

Telling the World About It

Putting It All Together: Maximizing Validity With Multi-Method and Highly Creative Research

Putting Your Knowledge to Work: 20 Methodology Problems

Filters

Exam 6: Nonexperimental Research Designs

A great deal of early research on judgment and decision-making was:

Occasionally a researcher will make use of highly sophisticated sampling techniques and still draw incorrect conclusions about the properties of a population.This is possible because of:

Archival research refers to research in which investigators:

Tulving's case study of K.C.(the man with an extreme form of amnesia)suggests that:

Using conventional probability values,what would it mean if a survey finding that shows that 75% of American college students own a laptop has a 4% margin of error?

Which of the following is not usually an example of single-variable research?

Obtaining a representati_____ is one of the most important factors in conducting a single-variable research.

If it is impossible to conduct experimental research on a topic,what do good researchers usually try to do to reduce confounds in correlational research?

The most important difference between case studies and casual (unscientific)analyses of behavior is that case studies:

What is usually the best kind of observational research?

According to the text,an operational confound occurs when a measure:

Which of the following best describes cluster sampling?

_________ allows researchers to draw reasonable inferences about large groups of people on the basis of a relatively small sample.

Marketing research is a specific form of:

The stories of Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner (two different people who each endured extremely long periods of sleep deprivation)suggest that:

Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person or group are referred to as:

Early research on the conjunction fallacy is best described as:

How Do We Know

How Do We Find Out

Moving From Fact to Truth: Validity, Reliability, and Measurement

Moving From Notions to Numbers: Psychological Measurement

How Do We Misinterpret

Experience Carefully Planned: Experimental Research Designs

Experience Carefully Exploited: Quasi-Experimental Research Designs

Choosing the Right Research Design

A Brief Course in Statistics

Telling the World About It

Putting It All Together: Maximizing Validity With Multi-Method and Highly Creative Research

Putting Your Knowledge to Work: 20 Methodology Problems

Filters