Question 1

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is secreted as waste. 
B)  It is used only to regenerate more ATP. 
C)  It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate. 
D)  It enters the nucleus to be incorporated in a nucleotide. 
A)  It is secreted as waste. 
B)  It is used only to regenerate more ATP. 
C)  It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate. 
D)  It enters the nucleus to be incorporated in a nucleotide. C

Question 2

Which of the following statements describes an example of cooperativity associated with enzyme regulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  binding of the end product of a metabolic pathway to the first enzyme in the pathway to inhibit the enzyme 
B)  one enzyme in a metabolic pathway passing its product to act as a substrate for the next enzyme in the pathway 
C)  binding a substrate to one subunit of a tetramer stimulates faster binding of substrate to each of the other three subunits 
D)  binding of an ATP molecule along with another substrate molecule in the active site of the enzyme 
A)  binding of the end product of a metabolic pathway to the first enzyme in the pathway to inhibit the enzyme 
B)  one enzyme in a metabolic pathway passing its product to act as a substrate for the next enzyme in the pathway 
C)  binding a substrate to one subunit of a tetramer stimulates faster binding of substrate to each of the other three subunits 
D)  binding of an ATP molecule along with another substrate molecule in the active site of the enzyme C

Question 3

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  endergonic 
B)  enthalpic 
C)  spontaneous 
D)  exergonic 
A)  endergonic 
B)  enthalpic 
C)  spontaneous 
D)  exergonic A

Question 4

Which of the following graphs most likely describes the effect of pH on the function of the enzyme catalase in human cells? Note: The x-axis is pH and the y-axis is enzyme activity.

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water rushing over Niagara Falls. 
B)  Light flashes emitted by a firefly. 
C)  A molecule of glucose. 
D)  A crawling beetle foraging for food. 
A)  Water rushing over Niagara Falls. 
B)  Light flashes emitted by a firefly. 
C)  A molecule of glucose. 
D)  A crawling beetle foraging for food.

Question 6

Which of the following terms most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

Accepted Answer

A)  catabolism (catabolic pathways) 
B)  metabolism 
C)  anabolism (anabolic pathways) 
D)  dehydration 
A)  catabolism (catabolic pathways) 
B)  metabolism 
C)  anabolism (anabolic pathways) 
D)  dehydration

Question 7

A series of enzymes catalyse the reactions in the metabolic pathway X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an allosteric inhibitor 
B)  the substrate 
C)  an intermediate 
D)  a competitive inhibitor 
A)  an allosteric inhibitor 
B)  the substrate 
C)  an intermediate 
D)  a competitive inhibitor

Question 8

During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalysed reaction has a ∆G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ∆G for the new reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  -40 kcal/mol 
B)  -20 kcal/mol 
C)  -10 kcal/mol 
D)  +20 kcal/mol 
A)  -40 kcal/mol 
B)  -20 kcal/mol 
C)  -10 kcal/mol 
D)  +20 kcal/mol

Question 9

What is the name of the thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  entropy 
B)  activation energy 
C)  the equilibrium point 
D)  free energy 
A)  entropy 
B)  activation energy 
C)  the equilibrium point 
D)  free energy

Question 10

Why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solution than dehydration reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hydrolysis reactions increase G, or Gibbs free energy of the system. 
B)  Hydrolysis reactions are endergonic and increase entropy of the system. 
C)  Hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and decrease entropy of the system. 
D)  Hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy of the system. 
A)  Hydrolysis reactions increase G, or Gibbs free energy of the system. 
B)  Hydrolysis reactions are endergonic and increase entropy of the system. 
C)  Hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and decrease entropy of the system. 
D)  Hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy of the system.

Question 11

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  anabolic reactions 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  digestion 
D)  catabolic reactions 
A)  anabolic reactions 
B)  hydrolysis 
C)  digestion 
D)  catabolic reactions

Question 12

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an organism increases with each energy transformation. 
B)  The decrease in entropy is associated with growth of an organism. As a consequence of growth, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their increased complexity. 
C)  As a consequence of growth, the decrease in entropy of the organism is associated with a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
D)  Living organisms are able to transform chemical energy into entropy. 
A)  Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an organism increases with each energy transformation. 
B)  The decrease in entropy is associated with growth of an organism. As a consequence of growth, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their increased complexity. 
C)  As a consequence of growth, the decrease in entropy of the organism is associated with a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
D)  Living organisms are able to transform chemical energy into entropy.

Question 13

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness. 
B)  ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work. 
C)  ΔG is the change in free energy. 
D)  T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. 
A)  ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness. 
B)  ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work. 
C)  ΔG is the change in free energy. 
D)  T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.

Question 14

Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells because metabolic pathways are interconnected. Which of the following statements describes an example of a reaction that may be at chemical equilibrium in a cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  An exergonic reaction in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher than the energy content of the reaction at any point away from equilibrium. 
B)  An exergonic reaction in which the entropy change in the cell is precisely balanced by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings. 
C)  A chemical reaction in which neither the reactants nor the products are being produced or consumed in any metabolic pathway at that time in the cell. 
D)  An endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment. 
A)  An exergonic reaction in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher than the energy content of the reaction at any point away from equilibrium. 
B)  An exergonic reaction in which the entropy change in the cell is precisely balanced by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings. 
C)  A chemical reaction in which neither the reactants nor the products are being produced or consumed in any metabolic pathway at that time in the cell. 
D)  An endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  A gain of free energy in a system is always associated with conversion of energy from one form to another. 
B)  A constant input of energy is required to maintain the high level of cellular organisation. 
C)  Without an input of energy, the entropy of an organism would tend to decrease over time. 
D)  Every energy transformation performed by an organism decreases the entropy of the universe. 
A)  A gain of free energy in a system is always associated with conversion of energy from one form to another. 
B)  A constant input of energy is required to maintain the high level of cellular organisation. 
C)  Without an input of energy, the entropy of an organism would tend to decrease over time. 
D)  Every energy transformation performed by an organism decreases the entropy of the universe.

Question 16

Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B)  The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C)  The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D)  Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. 
A)  Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 
B)  The entropy of the universe is decreasing. 
C)  The entropy of the universe is constant. 
D)  Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  By resulting in such diversity and complexity of life, it is an exception to the second law of thermodynamics. 
B)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial increase in the entropy of the planet. 
C)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial increase in the total energy in the universe. 
D)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial decrease in the entropy of the planet. 
A)  By resulting in such diversity and complexity of life, it is an exception to the second law of thermodynamics. 
B)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial increase in the entropy of the planet. 
C)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial increase in the total energy in the universe. 
D)  It has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics and resulted in a substantial decrease in the entropy of the planet.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
B)  If the entropy of a system decreases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
C)  If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe. 
D)  Each chemical reaction in an organism must increase the total entropy of the universe. 
A)  If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
B)  If the entropy of a system decreases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. 
C)  If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe. 
D)  Each chemical reaction in an organism must increase the total entropy of the universe.

Question 19

-The figure illustrates the energy states associated with the reaction A + B ↔ C + D. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the non-enzyme-catalysed reaction in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d

Question 20

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate 
B)  by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme 
C)  by decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalysed by the enzyme 
D)  by binding to the substrate, thus changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the active site of the enzyme 
A)  by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing binding of the normal substrate 
B)  by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme 
C)  by decreasing the free-energy change of the reaction catalysed by the enzyme 
D)  by binding to the substrate, thus changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the active site of the enzyme

Exam 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?

Which of the following statements describes an example of cooperativity associated with enzyme regulation?

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as ________.

Which of the following graphs most likely describes the effect of pH on the function of the enzyme catalase in human cells? Note: The x-axis is pH and the y-axis is enzyme activity.

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

Which of the following terms most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalysed reaction has a ∆G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ∆G for the new reaction?

What is the name of the thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction?

Why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solution than dehydration reactions?

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following statements is correct?

Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells because metabolic pathways are interconnected. Which of the following statements describes an example of a reaction that may be at chemical equilibrium in a cell?

Which of the following statements is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics?

Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics?

Which of the following statements about the evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, is true?

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

-The figure illustrates the energy states associated with the reaction A + B ↔ C + D. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the non-enzyme-catalysed reaction in the figure?

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonised Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

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