Exam 8: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Covariation tells us:

Statistical significance is to magnitude as:

Which of the following is the correct order of operations for conducting an experiment?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Kouchaki, M., Gino, F. & Jami, A. (2014). The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks, light snacks, and enhanced morality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 414-424. Weight and Guilt Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt. To that end, they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds) or a light backpack (2 pounds) while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality, the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality, but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior. As such, when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study. Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy. The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition. The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt. -(Scenario II) Regardless of their assigned treatment condition, all participants were told, "We are working on manufacturing a new backpack and are interested in your thoughts. Please put this backpack on and have a seat." By using this standard this script the researchers were enhancing:

Charlie's investigation of the relationship between length of commute to work and blood pressure revealed a significant causal effect of time spent commuting on elevated blood pressure. Which of the following could represent this finding?

Use the following to answer questions Scenario I Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Curry, N. A. & Kasser, T. (2005). Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association, 22(2) 81-85. Effect of Coloring on Anxiety Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety. To that end, they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university. Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions. To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat. The first name drawn was placed in group 1, the second name drawn was placed in group 2, the third name drawn was placed in group 1, and so on. Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1) were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala. Those in the control condition (group 2) were given a blank piece of paper. After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety. The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety. The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper. Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety, but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus. Figure 1. Effect of Coloring on Anxiety -(Scenario I) Based on the information provided in Scenario I, which of the following statements BEST describe(s) the data shown in Figure 1?

Joaquin conducts an independent samples t-test that reveals a significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (p =.05). This means that the likelihood that the observed difference between groups is due to chance is:

When results of an experiment reveal a large effect size for the dependent variable, this tells you that:

Juanita recruits participants for a study examining the impact of adrenaline on attraction. In her study she randomly assigns participants to either receive a placebo injection or an injection of adrenaline. All participants then rate the desirability of potential romantic partners. Juanita is conducting a(n) _____ and the appropriate statistical test is a(n) _____.

Use the following to answer questions Scenario III Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Borota, D., Murray, E., Keceli, G., et al. (2014). Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2), 201-203. Caffeine and Memory Study The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory. The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects. Following the study session, half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not. The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images. To that end, the participants were shown a number of images, some of which they had studied (old) and some of which they had not (new), and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new. The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images. The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine, particularly when it is consumed after study. -(Scenario III) The researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III were able to make a causal statement about the effect of caffeine on memory because:

In experimental studies examining the effectiveness of new medications, researchers often administer a placebo (an inactive substance that should have no medical effect on the participant). Giving a placebo to participants in the control condition increases:

What is a confederate, and how might an experimenter use a confederate to help administer a study on conformity to inexplicable fashion trends, like the rise in popularity of leggings among college-aged females?

Sacha is interested in conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on memory. After analyzing her results, she finds a p-value of 0.08. Based on these findings, which of the following is true?

Which of the following is true about experimental results?

Which test statistic is NOT characteristic of an experimental result?

Dante is investigating whether smoking affects mental clarity. Which of the following participants would be an appropriate matched-pair for an individual who is a regular smoker?

You end up recruiting college students who were readily available, cheap, and easy to use as your participants. Your selection of participants represents a _____ sample.

Use the following to answer questions Scenario II Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study: Kouchaki, M., Gino, F. & Jami, A. (2014). The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks, light snacks, and enhanced morality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 414-424. Weight and Guilt Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt. To that end, they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds) or a light backpack (2 pounds) while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality, the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality, but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior. As such, when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study. Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy. The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition. The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt. -(Scenario II) By randomly assigning participants to the heavy backpack condition or light backpack condition, the experimenters have:

The _____ experimental control a study has, the _____ internal validity it has.

A _____ hypothesis states that groups are expected to be different, whereas a _____ hypothesis states which way groups are expected to vary.