Question 1

The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  null 
B)  experimental 
C)  continuous 
D)  control 
A)  null 
B)  experimental 
C)  continuous 
D)  control

Question 2

Independent samples t-tests are appropriate for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  correlations 
B)  interviews 
C)  two-group experimental designs 
D)  multi-group experimental designs 
A)  correlations 
B)  interviews 
C)  two-group experimental designs 
D)  multi-group experimental designs

Question 3

The text highlights an intriguing study that demonstrates how the presence of cell phones can decrease closeness, trust, empathy, and overall conversation quality among strangers. Design a follow-up experiment to examine whether the presence of cell phones has the same impact on the conversation quality between friends. In your answer, be sure to operationally define both your independent and dependent variables, as well as specify what will happen to your participants in both the experimental and control conditions.

Accepted Answer

The study design can take many shapes, b

Question 4

The _____ hypothesis is the prediction that there will be no difference in the dependent variable across different levels of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental 
B)  null 
C)  continuous 
D)  control 
A)  experimental 
B)  null 
C)  continuous 
D)  control

Question 5

Name at least three required elements of a true experiment.

Accepted Answer

The answer should include at least three

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota, D., Murray, E., Keceli, G., et al. (2014). Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2), 201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory. The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects. Following the study session, half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not. The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images. To that end, the participants were shown a number of images, some of which they had studied (old) and some of which they had not (new), and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new. The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images. The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine, particularly when it is consumed after study.
-(Scenario III) In Scenario III the researchers included only those participants who were not regular caffeine drinkers. In doing do, the researchers:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased experimental control. 
B)  minimized tolerance as an extraneous variable. 
C)  increased the internal validity of the study. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  increased experimental control. 
B)  minimized tolerance as an extraneous variable. 
C)  increased the internal validity of the study. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 7

You are interested in conducting a research study to investigate whether the smell of cookies makes people happy. In your experimental condition, you have people complete a mood assessment with the smell of freshly baked cookies in the air. Design a control condition for this experiment.

Accepted Answer

A control condition should mimic the exp

Question 8

Professor Loman is interested in conducting a study examining the impact of class discussions on students' overall understanding of course concepts. In his experiment he uses a convenience sample of college-aged students. Ultimately, this is not a problem, because:

Accepted Answer

A)  all psychology studies use college-aged samples. 
B)  convenience samples measure nearly the entire population of interest. 
C)  the impact of class discussion on course comprehension is believed to be a universal phenomenon. 
D)  college students are the target population for this particular study. 
A)  all psychology studies use college-aged samples. 
B)  convenience samples measure nearly the entire population of interest. 
C)  the impact of class discussion on course comprehension is believed to be a universal phenomenon. 
D)  college students are the target population for this particular study.

Question 9

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results, the level of internal validity should:

Accepted Answer

A)  vary. 
B)  be high. 
C)  be low. 
D)  not matter. 
A)  vary. 
B)  be high. 
C)  be low. 
D)  not matter.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota, D., Murray, E., Keceli, G., et al. (2014). Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2), 201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory. The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects. Following the study session, half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not. The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images. To that end, the participants were shown a number of images, some of which they had studied (old) and some of which they had not (new), and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new. The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images. The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine, particularly when it is consumed after study.
-(Scenario III) The experimental group in Scenario III included those who received ____________, whereas the control group included those _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  caffeine; who did not receive caffeine 
B)  a placebo; who received caffeine 
C)  200mg of caffeine; 100mg of caffeine 
D)  100mg of caffeine; a placebo 
A)  caffeine; who did not receive caffeine 
B)  a placebo; who received caffeine 
C)  200mg of caffeine; 100mg of caffeine 
D)  100mg of caffeine; a placebo

Question 11

To experimentally test the adage "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," Anika randomly assigned 50 participants to eat an apple every day for one month and assigned 50 participants not to eat any apples during the month-long study period. At the end of the study, she asked all 100 participants how many apples they ate in a given day. This question served as her:

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental hypothesis. 
B)  internal validity. 
C)  manipulation check. 
D)  mundane realism. 
A)  experimental hypothesis. 
B)  internal validity. 
C)  manipulation check. 
D)  mundane realism.

Question 12

A key component of an experiment is the control group. This is the condition that:

Accepted Answer

A)  receives the experimental manipulation. 
B)  the experimenter measures to determine the outcome. 
C)  serves as the baseline for comparison. 
D)  the experimenter does not randomly assign. 
A)  receives the experimental manipulation. 
B)  the experimenter measures to determine the outcome. 
C)  serves as the baseline for comparison. 
D)  the experimenter does not randomly assign.

Question 13

The effect size is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  measure of statistical significance. 
B)  the degree to which one variable is related to another variable. 
C)  the extent to which the experiment resembles a real world setting. 
D)  magnitude of the difference between groups. 
A)  measure of statistical significance. 
B)  the degree to which one variable is related to another variable. 
C)  the extent to which the experiment resembles a real world setting. 
D)  magnitude of the difference between groups.

Question 14

You are interested in studying health behaviors, particularly why some patients comply with their doctors' order to take the full course of a prescribed medication, whereas others stop taking the medication once they begin to feel better. You run an experiment to test whether people who write down their own dosing instructions are more compliant than those who have the doctor do it for them. Results reveal that having patients write their own dosing instructions has a significant impact on compliance. However, a colleague disputes your claim saying perhaps the severity of illness is what is affecting compliance behavior. Use your understanding of random assignment to respond to this concern.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment is an unbiased way of

Question 15

Which of the following is a disadvantage of experimental study designs as compared to nonexperimental study designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experiments can only be used to examine phenomena in a research laboratory. 
B)  Experimental designs are more artificial than nonexperimental designs. 
C)  Experiments establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
D)  Experimental designs fail to establish covariation. 
A)  Experiments can only be used to examine phenomena in a research laboratory. 
B)  Experimental designs are more artificial than nonexperimental designs. 
C)  Experiments establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
D)  Experimental designs fail to establish covariation.

Question 16

Elizabeth was interested in investigating whether people who use credit cards spend more money than people who pay in cash. To examine this research question experimentally, she _____ the type of payment participants used and _____ money spent.

Accepted Answer

A)  manipulated; measured 
B)  measured; manipulated 
C)  varied; manipulated 
D)  manipulated; varied 
A)  manipulated; measured 
B)  measured; manipulated 
C)  varied; manipulated 
D)  manipulated; varied

Question 17

When asked to conduct an experiment for his Research Methods class, Santiago had 10 of his friends self-report on the frequency of their exposure to movie violence, as well as their typical level of aggression. Based on his results he concluded that watching violent movies causes people to be more aggressive. Santiago's teacher tells him that he has failed to conduct an experimental study. Why wouldn't this study be considered an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  He fails to establish covariation, which is a criterium for causation. 
B)  There is no control group. 
C)  Self-report measures are unreliable. 
D)  This study is unable to assess gender differences in aggression. 
A)  He fails to establish covariation, which is a criterium for causation. 
B)  There is no control group. 
C)  Self-report measures are unreliable. 
D)  This study is unable to assess gender differences in aggression.

Question 18

Convenience samples have each of the following benefits, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  they are representative of the population. 
B)  they are readily available. 
C)  they are inexpensive. 
D)  they are easy to use. 
A)  they are representative of the population. 
B)  they are readily available. 
C)  they are inexpensive. 
D)  they are easy to use.

Question 19

What is the goal of random assignment?

Accepted Answer

A)  to create two samples that are roughly equal 
B)  to create two samples that are not equal 
C)  to create two populations that are roughly equal 
D)  to create two populations that are not equal 
A)  to create two samples that are roughly equal 
B)  to create two samples that are not equal 
C)  to create two populations that are roughly equal 
D)  to create two populations that are not equal

Question 20

Which of the following steps in the research process would take place after data analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  conduct a relevant literature review 
B)  replicate findings to increase confidence in results 
C)  randomly assign participants to conditions 
D)  operationally define the independent and dependent variables 
A)  conduct a relevant literature review 
B)  replicate findings to increase confidence in results 
C)  randomly assign participants to conditions 
D)  operationally define the independent and dependent variables

The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

Independent samples t-tests are appropriate for which of the following?

The _____ hypothesis is the prediction that there will be no difference in the dependent variable across different levels of the independent variable.

Name at least three required elements of a true experiment.

You are interested in conducting a research study to investigate whether the smell of cookies makes people happy. In your experimental condition, you have people complete a mood assessment with the smell of freshly baked cookies in the air. Design a control condition for this experiment.

Professor Loman is interested in conducting a study examining the impact of class discussions on students' overall understanding of course concepts. In his experiment he uses a convenience sample of college-aged students. Ultimately, this is not a problem, because:

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results, the level of internal validity should:

A key component of an experiment is the control group. This is the condition that:

The effect size is the:

Which of the following is a disadvantage of experimental study designs as compared to nonexperimental study designs?

Elizabeth was interested in investigating whether people who use credit cards spend more money than people who pay in cash. To examine this research question experimentally, she _ the type of payment participants used and _ money spent.

Convenience samples have each of the following benefits, EXCEPT:

What is the goal of random assignment?

Which of the following steps in the research process would take place after data analysis?

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The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

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Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pickup Lines Really Work

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a Statistical Tools for Answering Research Questions

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Exam 8: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

Independent samples t-tests are appropriate for which of the following?

The _____ hypothesis is the prediction that there will be no difference in the dependent variable across different levels of the independent variable.

Name at least three required elements of a true experiment.

You are interested in conducting a research study to investigate whether the smell of cookies makes people happy. In your experimental condition, you have people complete a mood assessment with the smell of freshly baked cookies in the air. Design a control condition for this experiment.

Professor Loman is interested in conducting a study examining the impact of class discussions on students' overall understanding of course concepts. In his experiment he uses a convenience sample of college-aged students. Ultimately, this is not a problem, because:

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results, the level of internal validity should:

A key component of an experiment is the control group. This is the condition that:

The effect size is the:

Which of the following is a disadvantage of experimental study designs as compared to nonexperimental study designs?

Elizabeth was interested in investigating whether people who use credit cards spend more money than people who pay in cash. To examine this research question experimentally, she _____ the type of payment participants used and _____ money spent.

Convenience samples have each of the following benefits, EXCEPT:

What is the goal of random assignment?

Which of the following steps in the research process would take place after data analysis?

Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pickup Lines Really Work

Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Using Research in the Real World: How Do You Know If You Are Truly Helping

a Statistical Tools for Answering Research Questions

Filters

Elizabeth was interested in investigating whether people who use credit cards spend more money than people who pay in cash. To examine this research question experimentally, she _ the type of payment participants used and _ money spent.